RFC 5992
Internationalized Domain Names Registration and Administration Guidelines for European Languages Using Cyrillic
Internationalized Domain Names Registration and Administration Guidelines for European Languages Using Cyrillic 🎀
Okay bestie, this is RFC 5992 💖 It's an Independent Submission, so it's not from the IETF stream. It was written by S. Sharikov (Regtime Ltd), D. Miloshevic (Afilias), and J. Klensin 🫶 It's Informational 📚, which means it's published for information and isn't a standards-track spec. The ISSN is 2070-1721 ✨ and it's dated October 2010 🍓 The title block doesn't list anything it obsoletes or updates, so it's a standalone doc 🧚
Abstract ✨
Okay so this doc is a guideline for registries and registrars 💅 It's about registering internationalized domain names (IDNs) in a DNS zone, for Bosnian, Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Kildin Sami, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian (listed alphabetically 📝). It explains which characters are appropriate to register, and it covers variant considerations for Greek and Latin characters that look alike or are derived from each other 👑
Status of This Memo 🌸
Not gonna lie, this part is kinda dry, but it matters 🙈 This doc is not an Internet Standards Track spec. It's published for informational purposes only 📚
It's a contribution to the RFC Series, and it's independent of any other RFC stream. The RFC Editor picked it to publish at their discretion, and they make no claims about how valuable it is for implementation or deployment. Documents the RFC Editor approves for publication aren't candidates for any level of Internet Standard. Check Section 2 of RFC 5741 if you want the details 🦋
For the current status, errata, and feedback, go to http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5992 💜
Copyright Notice 🎀
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved 💖
This doc is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents, which you can read at http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info as they were in effect when this was published. Read those carefully, because they spell out your rights and restrictions for this doc 🫶
Table of Contents 🧚
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Similar Characters and Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Languages and Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Bosnian and Serbian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Bulgarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3. Byelorussian (Belarusian, Belarusan) . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4. Kildin Sami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5. Macedonian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6. Montenegrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.7. Russian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.8. Serbian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.9. Ukrainian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Language-Based Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Table Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Table Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Steps after Registering an Input Label . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Appendix A. European Cyrillic Character Tables . . . . . . . . . 131. Introduction ✨
Okay so Cyrillic is one of a pretty small number of scripts that a bunch of languages use, each with different subsets of characters, and some of those languages aren't closely related to each other 🌈 When they might be used together in a zone (super typical for gTLDs, but also likely in other zones at and below the root), there can be special considerations for mixing characters 👀
Cyrillic is also kinda tricky because, even though it's usually treated as its own script, it shares lots of characters with Latin (Roman) and Greek, so visual confusion is a real thing 😭 It's especially bad when "all of Cyrillic" is used, instead of only the characters for one particular language 💀
This spec gives guidelines for using Cyrillic, as encoded in Unicode [Unicode52], in internationalized domain name (IDN) labels from most "European" languages that use the script. (The word "European" is just a convenience, since people disagree about where the boundaries should be for different purposes, and, of course, much of Russia is in geological Asia 🌍) It covers, in alphabetical order, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Byelorussian, the Kildin member of the Sami (often written "Saami") language family, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, and Ukrainian 💖 There are also supplemental tables, based on the Unicode Standard and a recently completed Montenegrin government standard [MontenegrinChars], that are meant for use with Montenegrin 🎀 Moldovan isn't officially used with Cyrillic anymore, so no registrations are likely in Cyrillic (at least in the relevant ccTLD), and this doc doesn't talk about it further 🙅♀️ Languages of Asia that use Cyrillic aren't covered here, and they should get their own specs 🌸
Cyrillic is the main script for a lot of these languages and countries, but Latin is often used instead of it or alongside it 🦋 Standard keyboards in most of these countries have both Cyrillic and Latin characters, so some registries could end up using Latin for domain names in their zones 💅 Sometimes registries and users say they need to mix Cyrillic and Latin characters in the same label 😬 We strongly recommend against that, because user confusion is almost certain to happen 🚫 Plus, registries that support lots of scripts will probably also need to handle Greek or Latin labels alongside Cyrillic, and a big number of character forms are shared across those three scripts 🔥
Here's the thing: the DNS has no way for the end user to tell which languages inspired a particular label. So it makes sense to treat the characters of many Cyrillic-using languages together, instead of trying to tell them apart 🧠 The discussion and tables in this spec should give a foundation for more restrictive rules in zones where only one language is likely to be used. This spec doesn't define those language-specific rules though 🫶
Also, keep in mind that these recommendations are about DNS labels. The orthography of some of these languages, especially Kildin Sami, isn't completely standardized, and local usage sometimes swaps in Latin-based characters for their Cyrillic equivalents 🙈 Unless an official orthography requires it, those swaps should generally be avoided in DNS labels, because they risk extra confusion with Latin characters that look similar 💜
1.1. Similar Characters and Variants 🦋
For some human languages, there are characters and/or strings with equivalent or near-equivalent meanings 🧚 If someone is allowed to register a name with one of those characters or strings, the registry might want to automatically register all the names that have the same meaning in that language. Some registries might also want to limit the set of characters that can be registered, for language-based reasons 🌈
"Variant techniques" are a thing 💖 They were introduced in the JET specification for the CJK script [RFC3743] and generalized in [RFC4290]. They describe ways of registering IDNs that reduce the risk of misunderstandings, cybersquatting, and other kinds of confusion 😤
The tables below (Appendix A) identify confusable characters in Latin and Greek scripts that might easily be mistaken for Cyrillic ones 👀
Just like variant approaches for other scripts (see RFC 4713 [RFC4713] for the Chinese language, or RFC 5564 [RFC5564] for the Arabic language), this doc identifies sets of characters that need special consideration and gives information about them 🎀 A registry that handles names with these characters can then make its own policy decision about how to handle them. Those options include automatically registering all look-alike strings to the same registrant, registering one such string and blocking the others, and so on 🍓
1.2. Terminology 📚
The terminology here comes from the JET specification for the CJK script [RFC3743] and its generalization [RFC4290], but this spec doesn't depend on them ✨ All the characters listed here have been verified as "PVALID" under the IDNA2008 specification [RFC5890] [RFC5892] 💅
A "string" is a sequence of one or more characters 🧩
This document discusses characters that have equivalent or near-equivalent characters or strings. The "base character" is the character that has one or more equivalents. The "variant(s)" are the character(s) and/or string(s) that are equivalent to the base character 💖
A "registration bundle" is the set of all labels you get by expanding all the base characters for a single name into their variants 🌸
A registry is the administrative authority for a DNS zone. In other words, the registry is the body that makes and enforces the policies used in a particular zone in the DNS. The term "registry" applies to all zones in the DNS, not just the ones at the top level 👑
2. Languages and Characters 🌈
Okay so, for clarity and balance, this doc describes a "Base Cyrillic" set of 23 characters 💅 It's used to compare character usage for Russian and the Central European languages that use Cyrillic. The rest of this section compares the character usage of each individual language in that group 🫶
"Base Cyrillic" consists of these Unicode code points (the names tied to these code points, and the ones below, show up in Appendix A):
U+0430, U+0431, U+0432, U+0433, U+0434, U+0435, U+0436,
U+0437, U+043A, U+043B, U+043C, U+043D, U+043E, U+043F, U+0440,
U+0441, U+0442, U+0443, U+0444, U+0445, U+0446, U+0447, U+0448Also, modern writing systems that use Cyrillic don't have their own digits separate from the "European" ones used with Latin characters 🔢 For registries that allow digits in domain name labels, the "Base Cyrillic" code points above should be considered to include these:
U+0030, U+0031, U+0032, U+0033, U+0034, U+0035, U+0036,
U+0037, U+0038, U+0039Those are Digit Zero, and Digit One through Digit Nine 🧚 The Hyphen-Minus character (U+002D) may also be used 🎀
It's worth noting that the EU top-level domain registry allows Cyrillic registrations using 32 code points [EU-registry] 👀 That list is enough for some of the languages here, but not for others 😅
The individual languages that are the focus of this spec are discussed below, in English alphabetical order 💖
2.1. Bosnian and Serbian ✨
Bosnian and Serbian each have 30 letters in the alphabet 🎀. That's the base of 23 shared Cyrillic characters plus seven extra ones: U+0438, U+0458, U+0452, U+0459, U+045A, U+045B, U+045F.
2.2. Bulgarian 🌸
The Bulgarian alphabet has 30 characters, so that's seven more than the basic 23: U+0438, U+0439, U+0449, U+044A, U+044C, U+044E, U+044F 💅.
2.3. Byelorussian (Belarusian, Belarusan) 🦋
The Byelorussian alphabet (which is now often spelled Belarusian or Belarusan) has 32 characters. That's nine on top of the Base Cyrillic set of 23: U+0451, U+0456, U+0439, U+044B, U+044C, U+045E, U+044D, U+044E, U+044F 🫶.
2.4. Kildin Sami 🧚
Okay, this one is a whole vibe 😭. The phonetics of Kildin Sami are quite complex and not easily represented in Cyrillic (see, e.g., Kertom's work [Kert]). The orthography isn't standardized, so the writing system is best thought of as an attempt to transcribe the language phonetically. It was first done in Latin script in the 1930s, and more recently in Cyrillic. Different scholars have reported different numbers of phonemes, which makes transcription even messier. Kertom identifies 53 consonants with long-short distinctions and, in many cases, hard-soft ones. He also identifies ascending and descending diphthongs and one triphthong, along with more common short and long vowels.
The primary reference for Kildin Sami is the one that was widely circulated for some time but only ever existed in draft. It's apparently used by Sami language experts in Scandinavian countries [Riessl07]. That reference, and the references it cites, uses 56 characters, and 33 of those don't appear in the basic set. Eight* of these characters have no precomposed forms in Unicode, so they have to be written as a sequence of two code points, with the second one being COMBINING MACRON (U+0304). Using parentheses to make the two-code-point sequences easier to spot, the additional characters are: (U+0430 U+0304)*, (U+0435 U+0304)*, U+0438, U+0439, (U+043E U+0304), U+044A, U+044B, (U+044B U+0304), U+044C, U+044D, (U+044D U+0304), U+044E, (U+044E U+0304), U+044F, (U+044F U+0304), U+0451, (U+0451 U+0304), U+0458, U+048B, U+048D, U+048F, U+04BB, U+04C6, U+04C8, U+04CA, U+04CE, U+04D3, U+04E3, U+04E7, U+04ED, U+04EF, U+04F1, U+04F9.
*These characters, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A (U+0430) with a COMBINING MACRON (U+0304) and CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE (U+0435) with a COMBINING MACRON (U+0304), respectively, have the same visual appearance as LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON (U+0101) and LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON (U+0113). There are no known keyboards designed specifically for Kildin Sami. If an extended Latin-based keyboard and associated software are used, these characters might appear with the code point based on Latin (for example,U+0113for the second case). By contrast, keyboards and input software that are designed to be more Cyrillic-friendly are more likely to produce code points for the Cyrillic base characters. The use of a Latin character base for that second case occurs in some Western European sources, including Riessler's work [Riessl07]. While we haven't found explicit substitutions for A with Macron, we believe they might be found in practice. These alternatives are not mapped together by Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC) (or Normalization Form KC (NFKC)), so registries, and possibly applications software, should exercise some care about these coding variations. However,U+0101andU+0113are Latin Script characters, so if either is used, any tests on homogeneity of the script within a label need to be made with care.
Similar issues may apply to other Kildin Sami characters constructed with combining sequences.
The key references in Russian ([Anto90], [Kert86], [Kuru85]) all propose slightly different character tables, both relative to each other and to Riessler's list. Because the latter list appears to be more comprehensive and to represent more recent scholarship, we have based the tables in this document on it. We recommend, however, that registries review these recommendations and the relevant papers should registration requests for Kildin Sami actually appear.
Additional perspectives on Kildin Sami can be found on the Omniglot Sami pages [OmniglotSaami] 🌈.
2.5. Macedonian 💜
Macedonian has 31 characters in the alphabet. That's eight on top of the basic set: U+0438, U+0458, U+0452, U+0459, U+045A, U+045C, U+045F, U+0491, U+0455 🍓.
2.6. Montenegrin 👑
According to the most recent, and now final, government specification [MontenegrinChars], Montenegrin has 32 characters in its alphabet. Two of them have no precomposed forms in Unicode. That's nine in addition to the basic set, and two in addition to Bosnian and Serbian: U+0437 U+0301, U+0438, U+0441 U+0301, U+0452, U+0458, U+0459, U+045A, U+045B, U+045F ✨.
See Bosnian, Section 2.1, above.
2.7. Russian ⭐
The current Russian alphabet has 33 characters. That's the Base Cyrillic set plus an additional ten: U+0451, U+0438, U+0439, U+0449, U+044A, U+044B, U+044C, U+044D, U+044E, U+044F 🔥.
2.8. Serbian 🙈
See Bosnian, Section 2.1, above.
2.9. Ukrainian 💀
The character list for modern Ukrainian hasn't completely stabilized yet, so this one's a little chaotic 😭. Some references claim 31 characters, which means an additional 8 on top of the Base Cyrillic set of 23. Others claim 33. Those add U+0438 and U+0439, and replace U+044A (Hard Sign) with U+044C (Soft Sign), for a total of an additional 11 characters compared to the Base Cyrillic set. Unless better information is available, the prudent registry should probably assume that all 34 characters are in use. That's the Base Cyrillic set plus U+0438, U+0439, U+0454, U+0456, U+0457, U+0491, U+0449, U+044A, U+044C, U+044E, U+044F 🫶.
3. Language-Based Tables 💖
The registration strategy in this document uses a table that lists all characters allowed for input, along with any variants of those characters. Note that the table lists all allowed characters, not only the ones that have variants 🦋.
4. Table Processing Rules 🎀
The input to the process is called the "input label". The output of the process is either a failure (the input label can't be registered at all), or a registration bundle that contains one or more labels in A-label form ✨.
5. Table Format 💅
The table in Appendix A has four columns. The first and second identify the Cyrillic character. The third and fourth identify Latin or Greek characters that might be easily confused with them visually. If both a Latin and a Greek character are present, the Greek one appears in the third and fourth columns on the subsequent line (with "..." in the first column to indicate more information about the character specified on the previous line). Variants needed only because of case folding are shown with +++ in the first column, as noted in the table.
Each character in the table is given in the "U+" notation for Unicode characters, followed, in the next column, by its name as shown in the Unicode Standard. For easy reference, the characters are listed in the order in which they appear in the Unicode Standard 📚.
The table does not, and any future revision MUST NOT, have more than one entry for a particular base character 🙅♀️.
6. Steps after Registering an Input Label 🌸
A registry has at least three policy options for handling cases where the registration bundle has more than one label. These options, and their key implications, are:
- Allocate all labels to the same registrant, making the zone information identical to that of the input label.
This option will cause end users to be able to find names with variants more easily, but it will result in larger zone files. In principle, the zone file could become so large that it negatively affects the registry's ability to perform name resolution 😬.
- Block all labels so they cannot be registered in the future.
This option doesn't increase the size of the zone file, but it may cause end users to not be able to find names with variants that they would expect 🥺.
- Allocate some labels and block some other labels.
This option is likely to cause the most confusion for users, because including some variants will cause a name to be found, while using other variants will cause the name to not be found 🌀.
With any of these three options, the registry MUST keep a database that links each label in the registration bundle to the input label. This link needs to be maintained so that changes in the non-DNS registration information (such as the label's owner name and address) are reflected in every member of the registration bundle as well 🔗.
7. Security Considerations 🔐
The information in this document may help DNS zone administrators and registrants choose names that are less likely to be confused with others, and adopt policies that help avoid confusion. It may also help user-interface designers identify possible areas of confusion, so they can better protect users. Otherwise, this document has no consequences for the security of the Internet 🛡️.
8. Acknowledgments 🫶
Support from Afilias for a major portion of this work is appreciated 💜.
The material on Kildin Sami would not have been possible without the efforts of Cary Karp, who helped directly and pointed to Riessler's work [Riessl07]. It also wouldn't have happened without Vladimir Shadrunov and Sergey Nikolaevich Teryoshkin, who contributed their own analyses and references ([Anto90], [Kert86], and [Kuru85]) and partial translations from them. We're so grateful for their efforts, which made it possible to treat Kildin Sami nearly the same way as other actively used European languages that use Cyrillic script 🌷.
Careful reading of late drafts of this document by Bill McQuillan, Alexey Melnikov, and Peter Saint-Andre identified a number of editorial problems, some of which might not have been caught otherwise 🙌.
9. References 📖
9.1. Normative References 🦋
[RFC5895] Resnick, P. and P. Hoffman, "Mapping Characters in Mapping Characters for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) 2008", RFC 5895, September 2010.
[Unicode52] The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2.0, defined by: "The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2.0", (Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2009. ISBN 978-1-936213-00-9). <http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/>.
9.2. Informative References 💅
These are the extra reads that aren't required to implement this, but they're giving background, and I'm obsessed with how many there are 📚🧚
[Anto90]Antonova, A., "Primer for Sami schools first grade: Sami language, 2nd edition", Leningrad: Prosveshchenie, Leningrad department, 1990. Published in Russian, no authoritative translation is known. 📖[EU-registry]European Registry of Internet Domain Names (EURid), ".eu Supported Characters", January 2010,<http://www.eurid.eu/en/eu-domain-names/technical-limitations/supported-characters>. 🌸[Kert]Kertom, G., "Kildin dialect of the Sami language". Published in Russian, no authoritative translation is known. 🦋[Kert86]Kertom, G., "Sami-Russian and Russian-Sami dictionary: textbook for primary school pupils", Leningrad: Prosveshchenie Leningrad Department, 1986. Published in Russian, no authoritative translation is known. 🎀[Kuru85]Kuruch, R., "Sami-Russian dictionary: eight thousand words", Moscow: Russkiy yazyk, 1985. Published in Russian, no authoritative translation is known. 💜[MontenegrinChars]Crna Gora Ministarstvo prosvjete i nauke (Ministry of Science and Education, Montenegro), "Pravopis Crnogorskoga Jezika I", 2009,<http://www.gov.me/files/1248442673.pdf>. In Montenegrin, no known English translation. See especially the table on page 8. 👀✨[OmniglotSaami]Ager, S., "Sami (Saami)", 2009,<http://www.omniglot.com/writing/saami.htm>. 🌈[RFC3743]Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, "Joint Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004. 🍓[RFC4290]Klensin, J., "Suggested Practices for Registration of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 4290, December 2005. ⭐[RFC4713]Lee, X., Mao, W., Chen, E., Hsu, N., and J. Klensin, "Registration and Administration Recommendations for Chinese Domain Names", RFC 4713, October 2006. 🫶[RFC5564]El-Sherbiny, A., Farah, M., Oueichek, I., and A. Al-Zoman, "Linguistic Guidelines for the Use of the Arabic Language in Internet Domains", RFC 5564, February 2010. 🧚[RFC5890]Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", RFC 5890, August 2010. 🔥[RFC5892]Faltstrom, P., "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5892, August 2010. 👑[Riessl07]Riessler, M., "Kola Saami character chart (draft)", November 2007. 💖
Appendix A. European Cyrillic Character Tables 🌸💅
Okay so these tables are built only from the characters that can actually show up in the DNS, meaning the ones that are valid in U-labels as defined in RFC 5890. 🫶 If you wanted to count every character that could get mapped into those, the number of variants would blow up, like, a LOT 😭
Here's the tea: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A (U+0430) and GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA (U+03B1) look totally different on screen, but their capital letters look the same. So if you consider case mappings like the ones in the IDNA2008 Mapping document [RFC5895], those two small letters have to count as variants of each other. 🦋
Some variants were picked on the assumption that unusual fonts might be used and that users will see what they expect to see. Others, with subtle decorations that feel a bit far-fetched out of context, were left off the list. 🙈
These extra variants, which might be required, are shown below with +++ in the first column of the table. ✨
... in the first column just means "more info about the character on the line above." 💜
Characters needed for European languages, other than Montenegrin and Sami, written in Cyrillic. 🌈
okay so this is the big Cyrillic-to-Latin/Greek lookalike table 👀 it's giving confusable characters and I'm obsessed 🫶
+----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode Name |
| Char | | | |
+----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| U+0430 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A | U+0061 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER A |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B1 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER ALPHA |
| | | | |
| U+0431 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0432 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER B |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B2 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER BETA |
| | | | |
| U+0433 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0072 | LATIN SMALL |
| | GHE | | LETTER R |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B3 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER GAMMA |
| | | | |
| U+0434 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE | | |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B4 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER DELTA |
| | | | |
| U+0435 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE | U+0065 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER E |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B5 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER EPSILON |
| | | | |
| U+0436 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | ZHE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0437 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0438 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | U+0075 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER U |
| | | | |
| U+0439 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHORT I | | |
| | | | |
| U+043A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA | U+006B | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER K |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03BA | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER KAPPA |
| | | | |
| U+043B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL | | |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03BB | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER LAMBDA |
| | | | |
| U+043C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM | U+006D | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER M |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03BC | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER MU |
| | | | |
| U+043D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN | U+0048 | LATIN CAPITAL |
| | | | LETTER H |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+0068 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER H (in some |
| | | | fonts) |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B7 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER ETA |
| | | | |
| U+043E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O | U+006F | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER O |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03BF | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER OMICRON |
| | | | |
| U+043F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE | U+006E | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER N |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03C0 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER PI |
| | | | |
| U+0440 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER | U+0070 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER P |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03C1 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER RHO |
| | | | |
| U+0441 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | U+0063 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER C |
| | | | |
| U+0442 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE | U+0074 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER T |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03C4 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER TAU |
| | | | |
| U+0443 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U | U+0079 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER Y |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03C5 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER UPSILON |
| | | | |
| U+0444 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF | U+03D5 | GREEK PHI SYMBOL |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03C6 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER PHI |
| | | | |
| U+0445 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA | U+0078 | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER X |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03C7 | GREEK SMALL |
| | | | LETTER CHI |
| | | | |
| U+0446 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | TSE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0447 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | CHE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0448 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHA | | |
| | | | |
| U+0449 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHCHA | | |
| | | | |
| U+044A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL |
| | HARD SIGN | | LETTER B |
| | | | |
| U+044B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | YERU | | |
| | | | |
| U+044C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0062 | LATIN SMALL |
| | SOFT SIGN | | LETTER B |
| | | | |
| U+044D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER E | | |
| | | | |
| U+044E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU | | |
| | | | |
| U+044F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA | | |
| | | | |
| U+0451 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO | U+00EB | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER E WITH |
| | | | DIAERESIS |
| | | | |
| U+0452 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | DJE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0453 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | GJE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0454 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+03B5 | GREEK SMALL |
| | UKRAINIAN IE | | LETTER EPSILON |
| | | | |
| U+0455 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0073 | LATIN SMALL |
| | DZE | | LETTER S |
| | | | |
| U+0456 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0069 | LATIN SMALL |
| | BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I | | LETTER I |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+03B9 | GREEK SMALL |more table to come, bestie 🧚💖
okay bestie, we're picking up right where the table left off 💅 the rest of the Cyrillic rows are below, so keep scrolling 🦋
| | | | LETTER IOTA |
| | | | |
| U+0457 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+03CA | GREEK SMALL |
| | UKRAINIAN YI | | LETTER IOTA WITH |
| | | | DIALYTIKA |
| | | | |
| +++ | | U+00EF | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER I WITH |
| | | | DIAERESIS |
| | | | |
| U+0458 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE | U+006A | LATIN SMALL |
| | | | LETTER J |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03F3 | GREEK LETTER YOT |
| | | | |
| U+0459 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | LJE | | |
| | | | |
| U+045A | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | NJE | | |
| | | | |
| U+045B | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | TSHE | | |
| | | | |
| U+045C | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | KJE | | |
| | | | |
| U+045D | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I | | |
| | WITH GRAVE | | |
| | | | |
| U+045E | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | SHORT U | | |
| | | | |
| U+045F | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | DZHE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0491 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | U+0072 | LATIN SMALL |
| | GHE WITH UPTURN | | LETTER R |
| | | | |
| U+04C2 | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER | | |
| | ZHE WITH BREVE | | |
+----------+--------------------------+---------+-------------------+Next up: the extra characters Montenegrin needs when it's written in Cyrillic 🇲🇪🌸
+--------------+-----------------------------+---------+------------+
| Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode |
| Char | | | Name |
+--------------+-----------------------------+---------+------------+
| U+0437 + | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE | | |
| U+0301 | WITH ACUTE | | |
| | | | |
| U+0441 + | CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES | | |
| U+0301 | WITH ACUTE | | |
+--------------+-----------------------------+---------+------------+And now the Cyrillic characters for Kildin Sami 🧚 this table is a whole vibe with all the macrons 🍓
+----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+
| Cyrillic | Unicode Name | Variant | Unicode Name |
| Char | | | |
+----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+
| U+0430 + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+0101 | LATIN SMALL LETTER A |
| U+0304 | LETTER A WITH | | WITH MACRON |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03B1 + | GREEK SMALL LETTER |
| | | U+0304 | ALPHA WITH MACRON |
| | | | |
| U+0435 + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+0113 | LATIN SMALL LETTER E |
| U+0304 | LETTER IE WITH | | WITH MACRON |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+043E + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+014D | LATIN SMALL LETTER O |
| U+0304 | LETTER O WITH | | WITH MACRON |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| ... | | U+03BF + | GREEK SMALL LETTER |
| | | U+0304 | OMICRON WITH MACRON |
| | | | |
| U+044B + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| U+0304 | LETTER YERU WITH | | |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+044D + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| U+0304 | LETTER E WITH | | |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+044E + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| U+0304 | LETTER YU WITH | | |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+044F + | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| U+0304 | LETTER YA WITH | | |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+0451 + | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+00EB + | LATIN SMALL LETTER E |
| U+0304 | LETTER IO WITH | U0304 | WITH DIAERESIS AND |
| | MACRON | | MACRON |
| | | | |
| U+048B | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER SHORT I WITH | | |
| | TAIL | | |
| | | | |
| U+048D | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER SEMISOFT | | |
| | SIGN | | |
| | | | |
| U+048F | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER ER WITH TICK | | |
| | | | |
| U+04BB | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+0068 | LATIN SMALL LETTER H |
| | LETTER SHHA | | |
| | | | |
| U+04C6 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER EL WITH TAIL | | |
| | | | |
| U+04C8 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER EN WITH HOOK | | |
| | | | |
| U+04CA | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER EN WITH TAIL | | |
| | | | |
| U+04CE | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER EM WITH TAIL | | |
| | | | |
| U+04D3 | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+00E4 | LATIN SMALL LETTER A |
| | LETTER A WITH | | WITH DIAERESIS |
| | DIAERESIS | | |
| | | | |
| U+04E3 | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+016B | LATIN SMALL LETTER U |
| | LETTER I WITH | | WITH MACRON |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+04E7 | CYRILLIC SMALL | U+00F6 | LATIN SMALL LETTER O |
| | LETTER O WITH | | WITH DIAERESIS |
| | DIAERESIS | | |
| | | | |
| U+04ED | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER E WITH | | |
| | DIAERESIS | | |
| | | | |
| U+04EF | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER U WITH | | |
| | MACRON | | |
| | | | |
| U+04F1 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER U WITH | | |
| | DIAERESIS | | |
| | | | |
| U+04F9 | CYRILLIC SMALL | | |
| | LETTER YERU WITH | | |
| | DIAERESIS | | |
+----------+---------------------+----------+-----------------------+Authors' Addresses 🎀
these are the girlies who wrote it, so here's where you can reach them 🫶
Sergey Sharikov
Regtime Ltd
Kalinina str.,14
Samara 443008
Russia
Phone: +7(846) 979-9039
Fax: +7(846)979-9038
EMail: s.shar@regtime.net
Desiree Miloshevic
Afilias
Oxford Internet Institute, 1 St. Giles
Oxford OX1 3JS
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 7973 987 147
EMail: dmiloshevic@afilias.info
John C Klensin
1770 Massachusetts Ave, #322
Cambridge, MA 02140
USA
Phone: +1 617 491 5735
EMail: john-ietf@jck.com📦 where this page comes from
- ietf: rfc5992 2010-10
- 💖 girlified by claude-haiku-5-5 on : a language model's rewrite of the original, under its terms