tie(n)

📦
version 2.0 · 2 versions
, in fedora 43, fedora 44, nixos 26.05, nixpkgs unstable

okay bestie, this is tie(n) — and it lives in the Tcl Data Structures part of the manual. it's giving array persistence, and honestly? iconic. 💅

✨ NAME ✨

tie — Array persistence 🎀

🌸 SYNOPSIS 🌸

package require Tcl 8.5 9

package require tie ?1.3?

::tie::tie arrayvarname options... dstype dsname...

::tie::untie arrayvarname ?token?

::tie::info ties arrayvarname

::tie::info types

::tie::info type dstype

::tie::register dsclasscmd as dstype

dsclasscmd objname ?dsname...?

ds destroy

ds names

ds size

ds get

ds set dict

ds unset ?pattern?

ds setv index value

ds unsetv index

ds getv index

💖 DESCRIPTION 💖

so like, the tie package is literally a whole framework for making persistent Tcl array variables. and ngl, you should know that the provided mechanism is generic enough to also let you use it for distributing the contents of Tcl arrays over multiple threads and processes — i.e. communication. slay. ✨

both of those things, persistence and communication, happen by tying) a Tcl array variable to a data source. examples of data sources? other Tcl arrays and files. periodt. 🎀

and here's the gag: a single Tcl array variable can be tied to more than one data source. that's the feature that lets the framework be used for communication too. just tie several Tcl arrays in many client processes to a Tcl array in a server, and all changes to any of them get distributed to all. less centralized variants of this are of course possible as well. no cap. 💅

✨ USING TIES ✨

okay bestie, this is the part where we actually connect a Tcl array to a data source and make it stick 💖 no cap, this is the main character section.

💖 TIE API 💖

This section describes the basic API used to establish and remove ties between Tcl array variables and data sources. This interface is the only one a casual user has to be concerned about. The following sections about the various internal interfaces can be safely skipped.

bestie, if you're just here to tie arrays, this is literally the only API you need. the internal stuff? skip it, periodt 💅

::tie::tie arrayvarname options... dstype dsname...

This command establishes a tie between the Tcl array whose name is provided by the argument arrayvarname and the data source identified by the dstype and its series of dsname arguments. All changes made to the Tcl array after this command returns will be saved to the data source for safekeeping (or distribution).

The result of the command is always a token which identifies the new tie. This token can be used later to destroy this specific tie.

  • varname arrayvarname (in) — The name of the Tcl array variable to connect the new tie to.
  • name|command dstype (in) — This argument specifies the type of the data source we wish to access. The dstype can be one of log, array, remotearray, file, growfile, or dsource; in addition, the programmer can register additional data source types. Each dstype is followed by one or more arguments that identify the data source to which the array is to be tied.
  • string dsname (in) — The series of dsname arguments coming after the dstype identifies the data source we wish to connect to, and has to be appropriate for the chosen type.

The command understands a number of additional options which guide the process of setting up the connection between Tcl array and data source.

  • -open — The Tcl array for the new tie is loaded from the data source, and the previously existing contents of the Tcl array are erased. Care is taken to not erase the previous contents should the creation of the tie fail. This option and the option -save exclude each other. If neither this nor option -save are specified then this option is assumed as default.
  • -save — The Tcl array for the new tie is saved to the data source, and the previously existing contents of the data source are erased. This option and the option -open exclude each other. If neither this nor option -open are specified then option -open is assumed as default.
  • -merge — Using this option prevents the erasure of any previously existing content and merges the data instead. It can be specified in conjunction with either -open or -save. They determine how data existing in both Tcl array and data source, i.e duplicates, are dealt with. When used with -open data in the data source has precedence. In other words, for duplicates the data in the data source is loaded into the Tcl array. When used with -save data in the Tcl array has precedence. In other words, for duplicates the data in the Tcl array is saved into the data source.

::tie::untie arrayvarname ?token?

This command dissolves one or more ties associated with the Tcl array named by arrayvarname. If no token is specified then all ties to that Tcl array are dissolved. Otherwise only the tie the token stands for is removed, if it is actually connected to the array. Trying to remove a specific tie not belonging to the provided array will cause an error.

It should be noted that while severing a tie will destroy management information internal to the package the data source which was handled by the tie will not be touched, only closed.

After the command returns none of changes made to the array will be saved to the data source anymore.

The result of the command is an empty string.

  • varname arrayname (in) — The name of a Tcl array variable which may have ties.
  • handle token (in) — A handle representing a specific tie. This argument is optional.

::tie::info ties arrayvarname

This command returns a list of ties associated with the Tcl array variable named by arrayvarname. The result list will be empty if the variable has no ties associated with it.

::tie::info types

This command returns a dictionary of registered types, and the class commands they are associated with.

::tie::info type dstype

This command returns the fully resolved class command for a type name. This means that the command will follow a chain of type definitions to its end.

🌈 STANDARD DATA SOURCE TYPES 🌈

This package provides the six following types as examples and standard data sources.

log

This data source does not maintain any actual data, nor persistence. It does not accept any identifying arguments. All changes are simply logged to stdout.

array

This data source uses a regular Tcl array as the origin of the persistent data. It accepts a single identifying argument, the name of this Tcl array. All changes are mirrored to that array.

remotearray

This data source is similar to array. The difference is that the Tcl array to which we are mirroring is not directly accessible, but through a send-like command.

It accepts three identifying arguments, the name of the other Tcl array, the command prefix for the send-like accessor command, and an identifier for the remote entity hosting the array, in this order. All changes are mirrored to that array, via the command prefix. All commands will be executed in the context of the global namespace.

send-like means that the command prefix has to have send syntax and semantics. I.e. it is a channel over which we can send arbitrary commands to some other entity. The remote array data source however uses only the commands set, unset, array exists, array names, array set, and array get to retrieve and set values in the remote array.

The command prefix and the entity id are separate to allow the data source to use options like -async when assembling the actual commands.

Examples of command prefixes, listed with the id of the remote entity, without options. In reality only the part before the id is the command prefix:

  • send tkname — The Tcl array is in a remote interpreter and is accessed via Tk's X communication.
  • comm::comm send hostportid — The Tcl array is in a remote interpreter and is accessed through a socket.
  • thread::send threadid — The Tcl array is in a remote interpreter in a different thread of this process.

file

This data source uses a single file as origin of the persistent data. It accepts a single identifying argument, the path to this file. The file has to be both readable and writable. It may not exist, the data source will create it in that case. This (and only this) situation will require that the directory for the file exists and is writable as well.

All changes are saved in the file, as proper Tcl commands, one command per operation. In other words, the file will always contain a proper Tcl script.

If the file exists when the tie using it is set up, then it will be compacted, i.e. superfluous operations are removed, if the operations log stored in it contains either at least one operation clearing the whole array, or at least 1.5 times more operations than entries in the loaded array.

growfile

This data source is like file in terms of the storage medium for the array data, and how it is configured. In contrast to the former it however assumes and ensures that the tied array will never shrink. I.e. the creation of new array entries, and the modification of existing entries is allowed, but the deletion of entries is not, and causes the data source to throw errors.

This restriction allows us to simplify both file format and access to the file radically. For one, the file is read only once and the internal cache cannot be invalidated. Second, writing data is reduced to a simple append, and no compaction step is necessary. The format of the contents is the string representation of a dictionary which can be incrementally extended forever at the end.

dsource

This data source uses an explicitly specified data source object as the source for the persistent data. It accepts a single identifying argument, the command prefix, i.e. object command.

To use this type it is necessary to know how the framework manages ties and what data source objects are.

All changes are delegated to the specified object.

CREATING NEW DATA SOURCES 💖

okay so bestie, real talk: if you're just a casual tie user, this section is not for you. Like, it's giving developer-only, no cap. Only the girlies writing brand-new data sources need to know this stuff. iykyk.

DATA SOURCE OBJECTS 🦋

Every tie is represented internally by an in-memory object that mediates between the tie framework and the specific data source — like an array, a file, whatever. That's the data source object. lowkey the whole vibe.

Its class, the data source class, is not generic. It's specific to the type of data source. So if you're writing a new data source, you gotta write that class, then register it with the framework as a new type. periodt.

The following subsections spill the tea on the various APIs a data source class and the objects it generates have to follow to be compatible with the tie framework. fr fr, read them.

Data source objects are normally automatically created and destroyed by the framework when a tie is created or removed. But you can explicitly bypass this management by using the "dsource" type. The data source for this type is a data source object itself, and that object is outside the scope of the tie framework and not managed by it. In other words, this type lets you create ties that talk to pre-existing data source objects, and those objects will survive the removal of the ties using them as well.

REGISTERING A NEW DATA SOURCE CLASS ✨

Once you've written a data source class, you have to register it as a new type with the framework.

  • ::tie::register dsclasscmd as dstype — this command makes the tie framework remember the class command dsclasscmd of a data source class under the type name dstype.

After the call, the argument dstype of the basic user command ::tie::tie will accept dstype as a type name and translate it internally to the appropriate class command for the creation of data source objects for the new data source.

DATA SOURCE CLASS 👑

Each data source class is represented by a single command, also called the class command, or object creation command. Its syntax is:

dsclasscmd objname ?dsname...?

The first argument of the class command is the name of the data source object to create. The framework itself will always supply the string %AUTO%, to signal that the class command has to generate not only the object, but the object name as well.

This is followed by a series of arguments identifying the data source the new object is for. These are the same dsname arguments which are given to the basic user command ::tie::tie. Their actual meaning is dependent on the data source class.

The result of the class command has to be the fully-qualified name of the new data source object, i.e. the name of the object command. The interface this command has to follow is described in the section DATA SOURCE OBJECT API.

DATA SOURCE OBJECT API 🫶

Please read the section DATA SOURCE CLASS first, to know how to generate new object commands.

Each object command for a data source object has to provide at least the methods listed below for proper inter-operation with the tie framework. Note that the names of most of the methods match the subcommands of the builtin array command.

  • ds destroy — this method is called when the object ds is destroyed. It now has to release all its internal resources associated with the external data source.
  • ds names — this command has to return a list containing the names of all keys found in the data source the object talks to. This is equivalent to array names.
  • ds size — this command has to return an integer number specifying the number of keys found in the data source the object talks to. This is equivalent to array size.
  • ds get — this command has to return a dictionary containing the data found in the data source the object talks to. This is equivalent to array get.
  • ds set dict — this command takes a dictionary and adds its contents to the data source the object talks to. This is equivalent to array set.
  • ds unset ?pattern? — this command takes a pattern and removes all elements whose keys matching it from the data source. If no pattern is specified it defaults to *, causing the removal of all elements. This is nearly equivalent to array unset.
  • ds setv index value — this command has to save the value in the data source the object talks to, under the key index.

The result of the command is ignored. If an error is thrown then this error will show up as error of the set operation which caused the method call.

  • ds unsetv index — this command has to remove the value under the key index from the data source the object talks to.

The result of the command is ignored. If an error is thrown then this error will show up as error of the unset operation which caused the method call.

  • ds getv index — this command has to return the value for the key index in the data source the object talks to.

And here's a small table comparing the data source methods to the regular Tcl commands for accessing an array:

Regular Tcl             Data source
-----------             -----------
array names a           ds names
array size  a           ds size
array get   a           ds get
array set   a dict      ds set   dict
array unset a pattern   ds unset ?pattern?
-----------             -----------
set a($idx) $val        ds setv   idx val
unset a($idx)           ds unsetv idx
$a($idx)                ds getv   idx
-----------             -----------

BUGS, IDEAS, FEEDBACK 😭

This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category tie of the Tcllib Trackers at http://core.tcl.tk/tcllib/reportlist. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation.

When proposing code changes, please provide unified diffs, i.e the output of diff -u.

Note further that attachments are strongly preferred over inlined patches. Attachments can be made by going to the Edit form of the ticket immediately after its creation, and then using the left-most button in the secondary navigation bar.

KEYWORDS 🌸

  • array
  • database
  • file
  • metakit
  • persistence
  • tie
  • untie

CATEGORY ⭐

Programming tools

Copyright (c) 2004-2021 Andreas Kupries <andreas_kupries@users.sourceforge.net>

okay bestie, that's the whole page. It's from tcllib, version 1.3, page tie(n) — the footer didn't give a date, so no cap, just vibes. Stay iconic, and may your ties never leak. 💅✨

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