SGP_DD(8)

okay so bestie, this is SGP_DD(8) from the SG3_UTILS collection — the manual page for sgp_dd, and it's literally here to help you copy data without losing your whole entire mind. 🫶

💖 NAME 💖

sgp_dd — copy data to and from files and devices, especially SCSI devices. ✨

✨ SYNOPSIS ✨

sgp_dd [bs=BS] [count=COUNT] [ibs=BS] [if=IFILE] [iflag=FLAGS] [obs=BS]
[of=OFILE] [oflag=FLAGS] [seek=SEEK] [skip=SKIP] [--help] [--version]

[bpt=BPT] [coe=0|1] [cdbsz=6|10|12|16] [deb=VERB] [dio=0|1] [sync=0|1]
[thr=THR] [time=0|1] [verbose=VERB] [--chkaddr] [--dry-run] [--nocopy]
[--progress] [--verbose]

🌈 DESCRIPTION 🌈

So sgp_dd copies data to and from any files, but it's especially specialised for "files" that are Linux SCSI generic (sg) and raw devices. The syntax and semantics are similar to dd(1), but — important — it does not perform any conversions. No cap. 💅

It uses POSIX threads (often called "pthreads") to increase the amount of parallelism, which improves speed in some cases. Iconic.

The first group in the synopsis above are "standard" Unix dd(1) operands. The second group are extra options added by this utility. Both groups are defined below, bestie. 🎀

💅 OPTIONS 💅

• bpt=BPT — each IO transaction will be made using BPT blocks (or less if near the end of the copy). Default is 128 for block sizes less than 2048 bytes; otherwise the default is 32. So for bs=512 the reads and writes will each convey 64 KiB of data by default (less if near the end of the transfer or memory restrictions). When cd/dvd drives are accessed, the block size is typically 2048 bytes and bpt defaults to 32, which again implies 64 KiB transfers. 🦋
• bs=BS — where BS must be the block size of the physical device. Note that this differs from dd(1), which permits bs to be an integral multiple of the actual device block size. Default is 512, which is usually correct for disks but incorrect for cdroms (which normally have 2048 byte blocks). 🌸
• cdbsz=6 | 10 | 12 | 16 — size of SCSI READ and/or WRITE commands issued on sg device names. Default is 10 byte SCSI command blocks (unless calculations indicate that a 4 byte block number may be exceeded, in which case it defaults to 16 byte SCSI commands). ⭐
• coe=0 | 1 — set to 1 for continue on error. Only applies to errors on sg devices. Thus errors on other files will stop sgp_dd. Default is 0, which implies stop on any error. See the coe flag for more information. 👑
• count=COUNT — copy COUNT blocks from IFILE to OFILE. Default is the minimum (of IFILE and OFILE) number of blocks that sg devices report from SCSI READ CAPACITY commands or that block devices (or their partitions) report. Normal files are not probed for their size. If skip=SKIP or seek=SEEK are given and the count is deduced (i.e. not explicitly given), then that count is scaled back so that the copy will not overrun the device. If the file name is a block device partition and COUNT is not given, then the size of the partition rather than the size of the whole device is used. If COUNT is not given and cannot be deduced, then an error message is issued and no copy takes place. 😭
• deb=VERB — outputs debug information. If VERB is 0 (default), then there is minimal debug information, and as VERB increases so does the amount of debug (max debug output when VERB is 9). 🔥
• dio=0 | 1 — default is 0, which selects indirect IO. Value of 1 attempts direct IO which, if not available, falls back to indirect IO and notes this at completion. If direct IO is selected and /sys/module/sg/parameters/allow_dio has the value of 0, then a warning is issued (and indirect IO is performed). For finer grain control use iflag=dio or oflag=dio. 💀
• ibs=BS — if given, must be the same as BS given to the bs= option. 🍓
• if=IFILE — read from IFILE instead of stdin. If IFILE is -, then stdin is read. Starts reading at the beginning of IFILE unless SKIP is given. 🧚
• iflag=FLAGS — where FLAGS is a comma-separated list of one or more flags outlined below. These flags are associated with IFILE and are ignored when IFILE is stdin. 💜
• obs=BS — if given, must be the same as BS given to the bs= option. 🌈
• of=OFILE — write to OFILE instead of stdout. If OFILE is -, then writes to stdout. If OFILE is /dev/null, then no actual writes are performed. If OFILE is . (period), then it is treated the same way as /dev/null (this is a shorthand notation). If OFILE exists, then it is not truncated; it is overwritten from the start of OFILE unless oflag=append or SEEK is given. 💖
• oflag=FLAGS — where FLAGS is a comma-separated list of one or more flags outlined below. These flags are associated with OFILE and are ignored when OFILE is /dev/null, . (period), or stdout. ✨
• seek=SEEK — start writing SEEK bs-sized blocks from the start of OFILE. Default is block 0 (i.e. start of file). 🎀
• skip=SKIP — start reading SKIP bs-sized blocks from the start of IFILE. Default is block 0 (i.e. start of file). 🦋
• sync=0 | 1 — when 1, does SYNCHRONIZE CACHE command on OFILE at the end of the transfer. Only active when OFILE is a sg device file name. 🌸
• thr=THR — where THR is the number of worker threads (default 4) that attempt to copy in parallel. Minimum is 1 and maximum is 1024. ⭐
• time=0 | 1 — when 1, the transfer is timed and throughput calculation is performed, outputting the results (to stderr) at completion. When 0 (default), no timing is performed. 👑
• verbose=VERB — increase verbosity. Same as deb=VERB. Added for compatibility with sg_dd and sgm_dd. 😭
• -c, --chkaddr — this option checks that every block read contains the (32 bit) block address of that block. If that check fails, the copy exits with a miscompare error. This check complements the sg_dd iflag=00,ff generation of blocks that contain their own (32 bit, big endian) block address. When --chkaddr is used once, only the first block address in each block is checked. When used twice, each block address (that fits in a block) is checked. 🔥
• -d, --dry-run — does all the command line parsing and preparation but bypasses the actual copy or read. That preparation may include opening IFILE or OFILE to determine their lengths. This option may be useful for testing the syntax of complex command line invocations in advance of executing them. 💀
• -h, --help — outputs usage message and exits. 🙈
• -n, --nocopy — this option causes this utility to exit when it would otherwise attempt to write to OFILE or stdout. The long option variant may be abbreviated to --nc. The explicit way to instruct this utility to read only IFILE is to use --of=/dev/null in the invocation. This option may be viewed as extra safety in case when the --of=/dev/null is not given or misspelt. 🍓
• -p, --progress — this option causes a progress report to be output every two minutes until the copy is complete. After the copy is complete, a line with "completed" is printed to distinguish the final report from the prior progress reports. When used twice, the progress report is every minute; when used three times, the progress report is every 30 seconds. If this option is given, then the time=1 option is set implicitly. 🧚
• -v, --verbose — when used once, this is equivalent to verbose=1. When used twice (e.g. -vv), this is equivalent to verbose=2, etc. 💜
• -V, --version — outputs version number information and exits. 🌈

💅 FLAGS 💅

okay so the flag menu is giving main character energy, and here’s every single one with exactly what it does — no skips, no cap:

• append — causes the O_APPEND flag to be added to the open of OFILE. For normal files this will lead to data appended to the end of any existing data. Cannot be used together with the seek=SEEK option as they conflict. The default action of this utility is to overwrite any existing data from the beginning of the file or, if SEEK is given, starting at block SEEK. Note that attempting to append to a device file (e.g. a disk) will usually be ignored or may cause an error to be reported.
• coe — continue on error. When given with iflag=, an error that is detected in a single SCSI command (typically bpt blocks) is noted (by an error message sent to stderr), then zeros are substituted into the buffer for the corresponding write operation and the copy continues. Note that the sg_dd utility is more sophisticated in such error situations when iflag=coe. When given with oflag=, any error reported by a SCSI WRITE command is reported to stderr and the copy continues (as if nothing went wrong).
• dio — request the sg device node associated with this flag does direct IO. If direct IO is not available, falls back to indirect IO and notes this at completion. If direct IO is selected and /sys/module/sg/parameters/allow_dio has the value of 0 then a warning is issued (and indirect IO is performed).
• direct — causes the O_DIRECT flag to be added to the open of IFILE and/or OFILE. This flag requires some memory alignment on IO. Hence user memory buffers are aligned to the page size. Has no effect on sg, normal or raw files.
• dpo — set the DPO bit (disable page out) in SCSI READ and WRITE commands. Not supported for 6 byte cdb variants of READ and WRITE. Indicates that data is unlikely to be required to stay in device (e.g. disk) cache. May speed media copy and/or cause a media copy to have less impact on other device users.
• dsync — causes the O_SYNC flag to be added to the open of IFILE and/or OFILE. The d is prepended to lower confusion with the sync=0|1 option which has another action (i.e. a synchronisation to media at the end of the transfer).
• excl — causes the O_EXCL flag to be added to the open of IFILE and/or OFILE.
• fua — causes the FUA (force unit access) bit to be set in SCSI READ and/or WRITE commands. This only has effect with sg devices. The 6 byte variants of the SCSI READ and WRITE commands do not support the FUA bit. Only active for sg device file names.
• mmap — can only be used in the iflag=FLAGS or the oflag=FLAGS argument list but not both. The nominated side of the copy will use memory mapped IO based on the mmap(2) system call. The sg driver will remap its DMA destination or source buffer into the user space when the mmap(2) system call is used on a sg device.
• null — has no effect, just a placeholder. iconic honestly.

💀 RETIRED OPTIONS 💀

Here are some retired options that are still present:

coe=0 | 1

continue on error is 0 (off) by default. When it is 1, it is equivalent to iflag=coe oflag=coe described in the FLAGS section above. Similar to conv=noerror,sync in dd(1) utility. Default is 0 which implies stop on error. More advanced coe=1 processing on reads is performed by the sg_dd utility.

fua=0 | 1 | 2 | 3

force unit access bit. When 3, fua is set on both IFILE and OFILE; when 2, fua is set on IFILE; when 1, fua is set on OFILE; when 0 (default), fua is cleared on both. See the fua flag.

✨ NOTES ✨

A raw device must be bound to a block device prior to using sgp_dd. See raw(8) for more information about binding raw devices. To be safe, the sg device mapping to SCSI block devices should be checked with sg_map before use.

Raw device partition information can often be found with fdisk(8) [the "-ul" argument is useful in this respect].

Various numeric arguments (e.g. SKIP) may include multiplicative suffixes or be given in hexadecimal. See the "NUMERIC ARGUMENTS" section in the sg3_utils(8) man page.

The COUNT, SKIP and SEEK arguments can take 64 bit values (i.e. very big numbers). Other values are limited to what can fit in a signed 32 bit number.

Data usually gets to the user space in a 2 stage process: first the SCSI adapter DMAs into kernel buffers and then the sg driver copies this data into user memory (write operations reverse this sequence). This is called "indirect IO" and there is a dio option to select "direct IO" which will DMA directly into user memory. Due to some issues "direct IO" is disabled in the sg driver and needs a configuration change to activate it.

All informative, warning and error output is sent to stderr so that dd’s output file can be stdout and remain unpolluted. If no options are given, then the usage message is output and nothing else happens.

Why use sgp_dd? Because in some cases it is twice as fast as dd (mainly with sg devices, raw devices give some improvement). Another reason is that big copies fill the block device caches which has a negative impact on other machine activity. fr fr, cache drama is real.

🦋 SIGNALS 🦋

The signal handling has been borrowed from dd: SIGINT, SIGQUIT and SIGPIPE output the number of remaining blocks to be transferred and the records in + out counts; then they have their default action. SIGUSR1 causes the same information to be output yet the copy continues. All output caused by signals is sent to stderr.

🔥 EXAMPLES 🔥

Looks quite similar in usage to dd:

sgp_dd if=/dev/sg0 of=t bs=512 count=1MB

This will copy 1 million 512 byte blocks from the device associated with /dev/sg0 (which should have 512 byte blocks) to a file called t. Assuming /dev/sda and /dev/sg0 are the same device then the above is equivalent to:

dd if=/dev/sda of=t bs=512 count=1000000

although dd’s speed may improve if bs was larger and count was correspondingly scaled. Using a raw device to do something similar on a ATA disk:

raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/hda
sgp_dd if=/dev/raw/raw1 of=t bs=512 count=1MB

To copy a SCSI disk partition to an ATA disk partition:

raw /dev/raw/raw2 /dev/hda3
sgp_dd if=/dev/sg0 skip=10123456 of=/dev/raw/raw2 bs=512

This assumes a valid partition is found on the SCSI disk at the given skip block address (past the 5 GB point of that disk) and that the partition goes to the end of the SCSI disk. An explicit count is probably a safer option.

To do a fast copy from one SCSI disk to another one with similar geometry (stepping over errors on the source disk):

sgp_dd if=/dev/sg0 of=/dev/sg1 bs=512 coe=1

👑 EXIT STATUS 👑

The exit status of sgp_dd is 0 when it is successful. Otherwise see the sg3_utils(8) man page. Since this utility works at a higher level than individual commands, and there are coe and retries flags, individual SCSI command failures do not necessarily cause the process to exit.

💖 AUTHORS 💖

Written by Douglas Gilbert and Peter Allworth.

🎀 REPORTING BUGS 🎀

Report bugs to dgilbert at interlog dot com. be nice, they’re doing great.

🌈 COPYRIGHT 🌈

Copyright © 2000-2026 Douglas Gilbert

This software is distributed under the GPL version 2. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

🍓 SEE ALSO 🍓

A simpler, non-threaded version of this utility but with more advanced "continue on error" logic is called sg_dd and is also found in the sg3_utils package. The lmbench package contains lmdd which is also interesting. raw(8), dd(1).

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that’s the whole page, bestie! ✨ it’s from sg3_utils-1.49, dated 2026-04-01 — now go copy something iconic and remember: no cap, just block devices. 💖🎀🦋