podman-build.unit(5)
π podman-build.unit β systemd unit files for building container images using Podman Quadlet β¨
okay so this is from the File Formats Manual bestie, it's podman-build.unit(5) and it's literally all about letting systemd build your container images for you π«Ά
πΈ NAME πΈ
podman-build.unit β systemd unit files for building container images using Podman Quadlet. that's the whole vibe π
π SYNOPSIS π
name.build
β¨ DESCRIPTION β¨
okay so build files are named with a .build extension, and inside they've got a [Build] section that describes the image build command. that's it, that's the whole thing π
the generated service is a one-shot service that makes sure the image gets built on the host from a supplied Containerfile and context directory. and the way that subsequent (re-)starts of the generated build service will usually finish super quickly because image layer caching skips the unchanged build steps? iconic. ate and left no crumbs π₯
a minimal .build unit needs at least ImageTag= and either File= or SetWorkingDirectory=. those are the non-negotiables, no cap π§
using build units lets containers and volumes depend on images being built locally. which is lowkey so useful β like, for making container images that aren't available on container registries, or for local testing and development. main character energy honestly π
π¦ USAGE SUMMARY π¦
so the .build file gets parsed by the podman-system-generator at boot or reload, and it generates a systemd .service that runs podman build. and that service can be managed like literally any other unit, bestie:
systemctl --user start myimage-build.service
and the resulting image can be referenced by .container or .volume units via:
Image=myimage.build
see? i told you it slays π
β OPTIONS β
valid options for the [Build] section are listed below. i'm giving you the full mapping of [Build] option β podman build equivalent because iykyk, you're gonna want all of them π
Annotation=annotation=valueβ--annotation=annotation=valueArch=aarch64β--arch=aarch64AuthFile=/etc/registry/auth.jsonβ--authfile=/etc/registry/auth.jsonContainersConfModule=/etc/nvd.confβ--module=/etc/nvd.confDNS=192.168.55.1β--dns=192.168.55.1DNSOption=ndots:1β--dns-option=ndots:1DNSSearch=example.comβ--dns-search example.comEnvironment=foo=barβ--env foo=barFile=/path/to/Containerfileβ--file=/path/to/ContainerfileForceRM=falseβ--force-rm=falseGlobalArgs=--log-level=debugβ--log-level=debugGroupAdd=keep-groupsβ--group-add=keep-groupsImageTag=localhost/imagenameβ--tag=localhost/imagenameLabel=labelβ--label=labelNetwork=hostβ--network=hostPodmanArgs=--pull neverβ--pull neverPull=neverβ--pull neverRetry=5β--retry=5RetryDelay=10sβ--retry-delay=10sSecret=secretβ--secret=id=mysecret,src=pathSetWorkingDirectory=unitβ Set WorkingDirectory of systemd unit fileTarget=my-appβ--target=my-appTLSVerify=falseβ--tls-verify=falseVariant=arm/v7β--variant=arm/v7Volume=/source:/destβ--volume /source:/dest
π Annotation=annotation=value [annotation=value ...] π
adds an image annotation (like annotation=value) to the image metadata. can be used multiple times β go off, stack 'em π
note: this information is not present in Docker image formats, so it's discarded when writing images in Docker formats. so don't come crying to me when it vanishes, bestie π
π§ Arch=ARCH π§
overrides the architecture β defaults to the host β of the image to be pulled. for example, arm. and unless it's overridden, subsequent lookups of the same image in the local storage match this architecture, regardless of the host. consistent queen behavior β¨
πΈ AuthFile=path πΈ
path of the authentication file. the default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json on Linux, and $HOME/.config/containers/auth.json on Windows/macOS. the file is created by podman login. and if the authorization state isn't found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json gets checked, which is set using docker login. it's giving backup plan π«Ά
note: there's also the option to override the default path of the authentication file by setting theREGISTRY_AUTH_FILEenvironment variable. you can do that withexport REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path. very demure, very mindful π
πΈ ContainersConfModule=module
Loads the specified containers.conf(5) module. Slap it in as many times as you want, it stacks π
πΈ DNS=ipaddr
Sets custom DNS servers, bestie.
This one lets you override the DNS config that gets passed to the container. Usually you need this when the host DNS config is straight-up invalid for the container (think 127.0.0.1 energy π). And when that's the case? The DNS= flag is necessary for every run. No cap.
The special value none can be specified to disable creation of /etc/resolv.conf in the container by Podman. The /etc/resolv.conf file in the image is then used without changes. Iconic.
Heads up though:ipaddrmay be added directly to the container's/etc/resolv.conf. It's not guaranteed though. Like, for example, passing a custom network whosedns_enabledis set totrueto--networkwill result in/etc/resolv.confonly referring to theaardvark-dnsserver.aardvark-dnsthen forwards to the suppliedipaddrfor all non-container name queries. It's giving middleman π¦
πΈ DNSOption=option
Sets custom DNS options to be used during the build β¨
πΈ DNSSearch=domain
Sets custom DNS search domains to be used during the build π
πΈ Environment=env=value [env=value ...]
Sets environment variables, periodt.
This option allows arbitrary environment variables that are available for the process to be launched inside of the container. And here's the cute part: if an environment variable is specified without a value, Podman checks the host environment for a value and sets the variable only if it is set on the host. As a special case, if an environment variable ending in * is specified without a value, Podman searches the host environment for variables starting with the prefix and adds those variables to the container. Wildcard slay π
πΈ File=Containerfile
Specifies a Containerfile which contains instructions for building the image β either a local file or an http or https URL. If more than one Containerfile is specified, FROM instructions are only accepted from the last specified file. Order matters, bestie π
Note that for a given relative path to a Containerfile, or when using ahttp(s)://URL, also setSetWorkingDirectory=in order forpodman buildto find a valid context directory for the resources specified in the Containerfile.
Note that setting aFile=field is mandatory for a.buildfile, unlessSetWorkingDirectory(or aWorkingDirectoryin theServicegroup) has also been set.
Specifying the option File=- causes the Containerfile contents to be read from stdin π«Ά
πΈ ForceRM=
Always remove intermediate containers after a build, even if the build fails (default true). Cleanup queen π§Ήβ¨
πΈ GlobalArgs=
This key contains a list of arguments passed directly after the podman command in the generated file. It can be used to access Podman features otherwise unsupported by the generator. Since the generator is unaware of what unexpected interactions can be caused by these arguments, it is not recommended to use this option. Fr fr, be careful π
The format of this is a space separated list of arguments, which can optionally be individually escaped to allow inclusion of whitespace and other control characters.
This key can be listed multiple times β
πΈ GroupAdd=group | keep-groups
Assigns additional groups to the primary user running within the container process.
keep-groupsis a special flag that tells Podman to keep the supplementary group access.
Allows container to use the user's supplementary group access. If file systems or devices are only accessible by the rootless user's group, this flag tells the OCI runtime to pass the group access into the container. Currently only available with the crun OCI runtime. Note: keep-groups is exclusive, other groups cannot be specified with this flag. (Not available for remote commands, including Mac and Windows (excluding WSL2) machines) π
πΈ ImageTag=imageName
Specifies the name which is assigned to the resulting image if the build process completes successfully. If imageName does not include a registry name, the registry name localhost is prepended to the image name. Main character image energy π
πΈ Label=label
Add an image label (e.g. label=value) to the image metadata. Can be used multiple times π
Users can set a special LABEL io.containers.capabilities=CAP1,CAP2,CAP3 in a Containerfile that specifies the list of Linux capabilities required for the container to run properly. This label specified in a container image tells Podman to run the container with just these capabilities. Podman launches the container with just the specified capabilities, as long as this list of capabilities is a subset of the default list.
If the specified capabilities are not in the default set, Podman prints an error message and runs the container with the default capabilities. Vibe check failed, default fallback it is π
πΈ Network=mode
Sets the configuration for network namespaces when handling RUN instructions.
Special case:
- If the name of the network ends with
.network, Quadlet will look for the corresponding.networkQuadlet unit. If found, Quadlet will use the name of theNetworkset in theUnit, otherwise,systemd-$nameis used. The generated systemd service contains a dependency on the service unit generated for that.networkunit, or on$name-network.serviceif the.networkunit is not found. Note: the corresponding.networkfile must exist.
Valid mode values are:
none: no networking. Just vibes in isolation π¦host: use the Podman host network stack. Note: thehostmode gives the container full access to local system services such as D-bus and is therefore considered insecure. πns:path: path to a network namespace to join.private: create a new namespace for the container (default) β¨<network name|ID>: join the network with the given name or ID, e.g. use--network mynetto join the network with the namemynet. Only supported for rootful users.pasta[:OPTIONS,...]: usepasta(1)to create a user-mode networking stack. This is the default for rootless containers and only supported in rootless mode. By default, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and routes, as well as the pod interface name, are copied from the host. If port forwarding isn't configured, ports are forwarded dynamically as services are bound on either side (init namespace or container namespace). Port forwarding preserves the original source IP address. Options described inpasta(1)can be specified as comma-separated arguments. In terms ofpasta(1)options,--config-netis given by default, in order to configure networking when the container is started, and--no-map-gwis also assumed by default, to avoid direct access from container to host using the gateway address. The latter can be overridden by passing--map-gwin the pasta-specific options (despite not being an actualpasta(1)option). Also,-t noneand-u noneare passed to disable automatic port forwarding based on bound ports. Similarly,-T noneand-U noneare given to disable the same functionality from container to host. Some examples:pasta:--map-gw: allow the container to directly reach the host using the gateway address.pasta:--mtu,1500: specify a 1500 bytes MTU for the tap interface in the container.pasta:--ipv4-only,-a,10.0.2.0,-n,24,-g,10.0.2.2,--dns-forward,10.0.2.3,-m,1500,--no-ndp,--no-dhcpv6,--no-dhcp: disable IPv6, assign10.0.2.0/24to thetap0interface in the container, with gateway10.0.2.3, enable DNS forwarder reachable at10.0.2.3, set MTU to 1500 bytes, disable NDP, DHCPv6 and DHCP support.pasta:-I,tap0,--ipv4-only,-a,10.0.2.0,-n,24,-g,10.0.2.2,--dns-forward,10.0.2.3,--no-ndp,--no-dhcpv6,--no-dhcp: same as above, but leave the MTU to 65520 bytes.pasta:-t,auto,-u,auto,-T,auto,-U,auto: enable automatic port forwarding based on observed bound ports from both host and container sides.pasta:-T,5201: enable forwarding of TCP port 5201 from container to host, using the loopback interface instead of the tap interface for improved performance. Performance queen π
πΈ PodmanArgs=
This key contains a list of arguments passed directly to the end of the podman command in the generated file. It can be used to access Podman features otherwise unsupported by the generator. Since the generator is unaware of what unexpected interactions can be caused by these arguments, it is not recommended to use this option. Same warning, same energy π
The format of this is a space separated list of arguments, which can optionally be individually escaped to allow inclusion of whitespace and other control characters.
This key can be listed multiple times π
πΈ Pull=policy
Pull image policy. The default is missing.
always: always pull the image and throw an error if the pull fails.missing: pull the image only when the image is not in the local containers storage. Throw an error if no image is found and the pull fails.never: never pull the image but use the one from the local containers storage. Throw an error if no image is found.newer: pull if the image on the registry is newer than the one in the local containers storage. An image is considered to be newer when the digests are different. Comparing the time stamps is prone to errors. Pull errors are suppressed if a local image was found.
Pick your fighter, bestie β¨
πΈ Retry=attempts
Number of times to retry pulling or pushing images between the registry and local storage in case of failure. Default is 3. Never give up, never surrender π
πΈ RetryDelay=duration
Duration of delay between retry attempts when pulling or pushing images between the registry and local storage in case of failure. The default is to start at two seconds and then exponentially back off. The delay is used when this value is set, and no exponential back off occurs π
πΈ Secret=id=id[,src=envOrFile][,env=ENV][,type=file | env]
Pass secret information to be used in the Containerfile for building images in a safe way that will not end up stored in the final image, or be seen in other stages. The value of the secret will be read from an environment variable or file named by the "id" option, or named by the "src" option if it is specified, or from an environment variable specified by the "env" option. See EXAMPLES β¨#examplesβ©. The secret will be mounted in the container at /run/secrets/id by default. Spy-level stealth π΅οΈβοΈ
To later use the secret, use the --mount flag in a RUN instruction within a Containerfile:
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=mysecret cat /run/secrets/mysecret
The location of the secret in the container can be overridden using the "target", "dst", or "destination" option of the RUN --mount flag.
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=mysecret,target=/run/secrets/myothersecret cat /run/secrets/myothersecret
Note: changing the contents of secret files will not trigger a rebuild of layers that use said secrets. Kinda rude but okay π
SetWorkingDirectory=path β build-context era, bestie πΈ
Okay so this one gives podman build a working directory, aka context. Supported values are a path, a URL, or the special keys file or unit. The special keys set the context directory to the parent directory of the file from the File= key or to the parent directory of the Quadlet .build unit file, respectively. This lets Quadlet resolve relative paths. π
When you use one of the special keys (file or unit), the WorkingDirectory field of the Service group of the Systemd service unit also gets set accordingly. You can also explicitly set the WorkingDirectory field of the Service group in the .build file yourself. Heads up though: if the WorkingDirectory field of the Service group is set by the user, Quadlet will not overwrite it, even if SetWorkingDirectory is set to file or unit.
If you give SetWorkingDirectory= a URL, you can tell podman build to clone a Git repository or download an archive file extracted to a temporary location by podman build as the build context. In that case, the WorkingDirectory of the Systemd service unit is left untouched by Quadlet. π«Ά
Note that providing a context directory is mandatory for a .build file, unless a File= key has also been provided.
Target=stageName β final-stage glow-up π―
Sets the target build stage to build. When building a Containerfile with multiple build stages, --target can be used to specify an intermediate build stage by name as the final stage for the resulting image. Commands after the target stage are skipped. Periodt.
TLSVerify= β certificate vibe check π
Require HTTPS and verify certificates when contacting registries (default: true). If explicitly set to true, TLS verification is used. If set to false, TLS verification is not used. If not specified, TLS verification is used unless the target registry is listed as an insecure registry in containers-registries.conf(5). Ngl, that last bit is the plot twist.
Variant=VARIANT β architecture variant, not the main character π
Set the architecture variant of the image to be built, and that of the base image to be pulled, if the build uses one, to the provided value instead of using the architecture variant of the build host. Slay.
Volume=[[SOURCE-VOLUME|HOST-DIR:]CONTAINER-DIR[:OPTIONS]] β mount magic, but make it make sense π§
Create a bind mount. If -v /HOST-DIR:/CONTAINER-DIR is specified, Podman bind mounts /HOST-DIR from the host into /CONTAINER-DIR in the Podman container. Similarly, -v SOURCE-VOLUME:/CONTAINER-DIR mounts the named volume from the host into the container. If no such named volume exists, Podman creates one. The nocreate option can be used to disable this behavior and require the volume to already exist. If no source is given, the volume is created as an anonymously named volume with a randomly generated name, and it is removed when the container is removed via the --rm flag or the podman rm --volumes command. π
- Special case: If
SOURCE-VOLUMEends with.volume, a Podman named volume calledsystemd-$nameis used as the source, and the generated systemd service contains a dependency on$name-volume.service. Note that the corresponding.volumefile must exist.
(Note when using the remote client, including Mac and Windows (excluding WSL2) machines, the volumes are mounted from the remote server, not necessarily the client machine.)
The OPTIONS is a comma-separated list and can be one or more of:
rw|roz|Z[O][U][no]copy[no]dev[no]exec[no]suid[r]bind[r]shared|[r]slave|[r]private[r]unbindable [1] β¨#Footnote1β©idmap[=options]nocreate
The CONTAINER-DIR must be an absolute path such as /src/docs. The volume is mounted into the container at this directory.
If a volume source is specified, it must be a path on the host or the name of a named volume. Host paths are allowed to be absolute or relative; relative paths are resolved relative to the directory Podman is run in. If the source does not exist, Podman returns an error. Users must pre-create the source files or directories. No cap.
Any source that does not begin with a . or / is treated as the name of a named volume. If a volume with that name does not exist, it is created. Volumes created with names are not anonymous, and they are not removed by the --rm option and the podman rm --volumes command.
The nocreate option can be specified for named volumes to prevent automatic volume creation. If nocreate is set and the volume does not exist, Podman returns an error instead of creating the volume. This is useful when you want to ensure that a volume was explicitly created before use. β¨
$ podman podman-build.unit.5.md.in -v myvolume:/data:nocreate alpine
Specify multiple -v options to mount one or more volumes into a container.
πΈ Write Protected Volume Mounts πΈ
Add :ro or :rw option to mount a volume in read-only or read-write mode, respectively. By default, the volumes are mounted read-write. See examples.
πΈ Chowning Volume Mounts πΈ
When a named volume is first mounted to a container, Podman automatically adjusts the ownership of the volume's mount point during container initialization. This chown operation occurs under the following conditions:
- The volume was not used yet (has
NeedsChownset totrue) - The volume is empty or has not been copied up yet
- The volume is not managed by an external volume driver
- The volume driver is not
"image"
For volumes with idmapped mounts (using the idmap option), the ownership change takes into account the container's user namespace mappings, but the idmapped volume retains proper UID/GID mapping. For volumes without idmapping, the mount point is chowned to match the container's process user and group, mapped to the host user namespace if user namespace remapping is enabled.
If a container is created in a new user namespace, the UID and GID in the container may correspond to another UID and GID on the host.
The :U suffix tells Podman to use the correct host UID and GID based on the UID and GID within the container, to change recursively the owner and group of the source volume. Chowning walks the file system under the volume and changes the UID/GID on each file. If the volume has thousands of inodes, this process takes a long time, delaying the start of the container.
β οΈ Warning: use with caution since this modifies the host filesystem.
πΈ Labeling Volume Mounts πΈ
Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on volume content mounted into a container. Without a label, the security system might prevent the processes running inside the container from using the content. By default, Podman does not change the labels set by the OS.
To change a label in the container context, add either of two suffixes :z or :Z to the volume mount. These suffixes tell Podman to relabel file objects on the shared volumes. The z option tells Podman that two or more containers share the volume content. As a result, Podman labels the content with a shared content label. Shared volume labels allow all containers to read/write content. The Z option tells Podman to label the content with a private unshared label. Only the current container can use a private volume. Iconic.
Note: all containers within a pod share the same SELinux label. This means all containers within said pod can read/write volumes shared into the container created with the :Z on any one of the containers. Relabeling walks the file system under the volume and changes the label on each file; if the volume has thousands of inodes, this process takes a long time, delaying the start of the container. If the volume was previously relabeled with the z option, Podman is optimized to not relabel a second time. If files are moved into the volume, then the labels can be manually changed with the chcon -Rt container_file_t PATH command.
Note: Do not relabel system files and directories. Relabeling system content might cause other confined services on the machine to fail. For these types of containers we recommend disabling SELinux separation. The option --security-opt label=disable disables SELinux separation for the container. For example if a user wanted to volume mount their entire home directory into a container, they need to disable SELinux separation.
$ podman podman-build.unit.5.md.in --security-opt label=disable -v $HOME:/home/user fedora touch /home/user/file
πΈ Overlay Volume Mounts πΈ
The :O flag tells Podman to mount the directory from the host as a temporary storage using the overlay file system. The container processes can modify content within the mountpoint which is stored in the container storage in a separate directory. In overlay terms, the source directory is the lower, and the container storage directory is the upper. Modifications to the mount point are destroyed when the container finishes executing, similar to a tmpfs mount point being unmounted. π
For advanced users, the overlay option also supports custom non-volatile upperdir and workdir for the overlay mount. Custom upperdir and workdir can be fully managed by the users themselves, and Podman does not remove it on lifecycle completion. Example :O,upperdir=/some/upper,workdir=/some/work
Subsequent executions of the container sees the original source directory content, any changes from previous container executions no longer exist.
One use case of the overlay mount is sharing the package cache from the host into the container to allow speeding up builds.
Note: The O flag conflicts with other options listed above. π«Ά
Content mounted into the container is labeled with the private label. On SELinux systems, labels in the source directory must be readable by the container label. Usually containers can read/execute container_share_t and can read/write container_file_t. If unable to change the labels on a source volume, SELinux container separation must be disabled for the container to work.
Do not modify the source directory mounted into the container with an overlay mount, it can cause unexpected failures. Only modify the directory after the container finishes running.
πΈ Mounts propagation πΈ
By default, bind-mounted volumes are private. That means any mounts done inside the container are not visible on the host and vice versa. One can change this behavior by specifying a volume mount propagation property. When a volume is shared, mounts done under that volume inside the container are visible on host and vice versa. Making a volume slave[1] β¨#Footnote1β© enables only one-way mount propagation: mounts done on the host under that volume are visible inside the container but not the other way around. π
Mount propagation is literally its own little vibe check π
β you control it with the [r]shared, [r]slave, [r]private or [r]unbindable propagation flag. But bestie, hear me: propagation can only be specified for bind mounted volumes, not for internal volumes and not for named volumes, okay? And for mount propagation to actually do its thing, the source mount point (like, the mount point where the source dir is mounted on) has to already have the right propagation properties. So:
- For shared volumes β the source mount point has to be shared.
- For slave volumes β the source mount point has to be either shared or slave.
[1]
To recursively mount a volume and all of its submounts into a container, use the rbind option. By default the bind option is used, and the submounts of the source directory are not mounted into the container β just so you know π«Ά
Mounting the volume with the copy option tells podman to copy content from the underlying destination directory onto newly created internal volumes. And the copy only happens on the initial creation of the volume β content is not copied up when the volume is subsequently used on different containers. Also, the copy option is ignored on bind mounts and has no effect there. Zero effect. None. π
Mounting volumes with the nosuid option means that SUID executables on the volume can not be used by applications to change their privilege. And by default volumes are mounted with nosuid btw β¨
Mounting the volume with the noexec option means that no executables on the volume can be executed within the container. Periodt.
Mounting the volume with the nodev option means that no devices on the volume can be used by processes within the container. By default volumes are mounted with nodev β that's the default, not a suggestion π
If the HOST-DIR is a mount point, then the dev, suid, and exec options are ignored by the kernel. Like, the kernel said no π
π΅οΈ Figuring out your propagation situation
Use df HOST-DIR to figure out the source mount, then use findmnt -o TARGET,PROPAGATION source-mount-dir to figure out the propagation properties of the source mount. Obsessed with a clean one-liner tbh.
If the findmnt(1) utility is not available, then one can look at the mount entry for the source mount point in /proc/self/mountinfo. Look at the "optional fields" and see if any propagation properties are specified. In there:
shared:Nmeans the mount is shared πmaster:Nmeans the mount is slave- and if nothing is there, the mount is private.
[1]
To change propagation properties of a mount point, use the mount(8) command. For example, if one wants to bind mount source directory /foo, one can do this:
mount --bind /foo /foo
mount --make-private --make-shared /foo
That converts /foo into a shared mount point, slay β¨ Alternatively, one can directly change the propagation properties of the source mount. Say / is the source mount for /foo, then use mount --make-shared / to convert / into a shared mount.
Note: if the user only has access rights via a group, accessing the volume from inside a rootless container fails. Not a drill π
πΈ Idmapped mount πΈ
If idmap is specified, create an idmapped mount to the target user namespace in the container. The idmap option supports a custom mapping that can be different than the user namespace used by the container. The mapping can be specified after the idmap option like:
idmap=uids=0-1-10#10-11-10;gids=0-100-10
For each triplet, the first value is the start of the backing file system IDs that are mapped to the second value on the host. The length of this mapping is given in the third value. Multiple ranges are separated with #. Iykyk π§
π EXAMPLES π
Simple build
[Build]
ImageTag=localhost/myapp
File=Containerfile
SetWorkingDirectory=unit
From Git repository
[Build]
ImageTag=localhost/mygitimage
File=Containerfile
SetWorkingDirectory=https://github.com/example/repo.git
Build with secret
[Build]
ImageTag=localhost/secureimage
Secret=mysecret
π SEE ALSO π
okay bestie that's the whole page, you ate that π this whole thing lives under podman-build.unit(5) β that's the source/version vibe of this footer, and there's genuinely no spicy extra metadata hiding down here, just the page name and a dream πβ¨ go build something iconic π¦
π¦ where this page comes from
- arch rolling: podman 6.1.4-1 Β· Apache-2.0
- centos-stream 10: podman 7:6.1.0-2.el10 Β· Apache-2.0 AND BSD-2-Clause AND BSD-3-Clause AND ISC AND MIT AND MPL-2.0
- nixpkgs unstable: podman 6.1.4
- π girlified by deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash-1017 on : a language model's rewrite of the original, under its terms