URAL(4)

📦
version 15.1 · 2 versions
, in freebsd 14.5, freebsd 15.1, nixpkgs unstable

💖 URAL(4) — the ural driver, but make it a group chat ✨

Okay bestie, welcome to the Kernel Interfaces Manual page for URAL(4) — aka the ural driver. It's giving “Ralink RT2500USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless network driver,” and honestly? iconic. 💅

🌸 NAME 🌸

ural — Ralink RT2500USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g wireless network driver. No cap, that's the whole name. 🫶

🛠️ SYNOPSIS 🛠️

So you wanna compile this driver into the kernel? Slay. Drop these exact lines in your kernel configuration file, bestie:

device ehci
device uhci
device ohci
device usb
device ural
device wlan
device wlan_amrr

Or, if module-at-boot-time is more your main character energy, put this line in loader.conf(5):

if_ural_load="YES"

🦋 DESCRIPTION 🦋

The ural driver supports USB 2.0 wireless adapters based on the RT2500USB chipset. periodt. ✨

The RT2500USB chipset consists of two integrated chips: a RT2570 MAC/BBP and a radio transceiver — and the model of that transceiver depends on the card revision. iykyk. 😌

The RT2522, RT2523, RT2524, RT2525, RT2525e and RT2526 radio transceivers operate in the 2.4GHz band (802.11b/g). Meanwhile the RT5222 is a dual-band radio transceiver that can operate in the 2.4GHz and 5.2GHz bands (802.11a). Literally two bands, one vibe. 🌈

ural supports station, adhoc, hostap, and monitor mode operation. Only one virtual interface may be configured at any time — yes, one at a time, bestie, don't push it. 🙈 For more information on configuring this device, see ifconfig(8).

👑 HARDWARE 👑

The ural driver supports USB 2.0 wireless adapters based on the Ralink Technology RT2500USB chipset, including this whole squad of cards — all on USB, naturally:

  • AMIT WL532U — USB
  • ASUS WL-167g — USB
  • Belkin F5D7050 v2000 — USB
  • Buffalo WLI-U2-KG54-AI — USB
  • CNet CWD-854 — USB
  • Compex WLU54G 2A1100 — USB
  • Conceptronic C54RU — USB
  • D-Link DWL-G122 b1 — USB
  • Dynalink WLG25USB — USB
  • E-Tech WGUS02 — USB
  • Gigabyte GN-WBKG — USB
  • Hercules HWGUSB2-54 — USB
  • KCORP LifeStyle KLS-685 — USB
  • Linksys WUSB54G v4 — USB
  • Linksys WUSB54GP v4 — USB
  • MSI MS-6861 — USB
  • MSI MS-6865 — USB
  • MSI MS-6869 — USB
  • NovaTech NV-902 — USB
  • OvisLink Evo-W54USB — USB
  • SerComm UB801R — USB
  • SparkLAN WL-685R — USB
  • Surecom EP-9001-g — USB
  • Sweex LC100060 — USB
  • Tonze UW-6200C — USB
  • Zinwell ZWX-G261 — USB
  • Zonet ZEW2500P — USB

An up to date list can be found at http://ralink.rapla.net/. 🦋

💜 EXAMPLES 💜

Join an existing BSS network (i.e., connect to an access point):

ifconfig wlan create wlandev ural0 inet 192.0.2.20/24

Join a specific BSS network with network name my_net:

ifconfig wlan create wlandev ural0 ssid my_net up

Join a specific BSS network with 64-bit WEP encryption:

ifconfig wlan create wlandev ural0 ssid my_net \
    wepmode on wepkey 0x1234567890 weptxkey 1 up

Join a specific BSS network with 128-bit WEP encryption:

ifconfig wlan create wlandev ural0 wlanmode adhoc ssid my_net \
    wepmode on wepkey 0x01020304050607080910111213 weptxkey 1

💀 DIAGNOSTICS 💀

  • ural%d: device timeout — the driver will reset the hardware. This should not happen. 🚩

🌟 SEE ALSO 🌟

Go read these when you're done, bestie: intro(4), netintro(4), usb(4), wlan(4), wlan_amrr(4), wlan_ccmp(4), wlan_tkip(4), wlan_wep(4), wlan_xauth(4), networking(7), hostapd(8), ifconfig(8), wpa_supplicant(8). 🫶

🕰️ HISTORY 🕰️

The ural driver first appeared in OpenBSD 3.7 and FreeBSD 6.0. A lil retro moment. 🎀

🫶 AUTHORS 🫶

The original ural driver was written by Damien Bergamini <damien.bergamini@free.fr>. Respect the icon. 👑

😭 BUGS 😭

Host AP mode doesn't support client power save. Clients using power save mode will experience packet loss (disabling power saving on the client will fix this). Not me warning you about packet loss though. 💀

Source/version: Debian — date: November 10, 2024 — page: URAL(4). Mwah 💋

📦 where this page comes from