Time::Moment(3)

📦
version 0.46 · 13 versions
, in fedora 43, fedora 44

💖 Time::Moment(3) 💖

Welcome to the User Contributed Perl Documentation glow-up of Time::Moment(3). It's giving "I know exactly what time it is, and I'm not sorry." ✨

✨ NAME ✨

Time::Moment — represents a date and time of day with an offset from UTC. That's the whole name vibe, bestie. 🎀

🌸 SYNOPSIS 🌸

okay so here's the entire API in code. Copy these exactly, no cap, because every method is iconic in its own way:

$tm = Time::Moment->new(
    year       => 2012,
    month      => 12,
    day        => 24,
    hour       => 15,
    minute     => 30,
    second     => 45,
    nanosecond => 123456789,
    offset     => 0,
);
$tm = Time::Moment->now;
$tm = Time::Moment->now_utc;
$tm = Time::Moment->from_epoch($seconds);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_object($object);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_string($string);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_rd($rd);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_jd($jd);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_mjd($mjd);

$year         = $tm->year;                      # [1, 9999]
$quarter      = $tm->quarter;                   # [1, 4]
$month        = $tm->month;                     # [1, 12]
$week         = $tm->week;                      # [1, 53]

$day          = $tm->day_of_year;               # [1, 366]
$day          = $tm->day_of_quarter;            # [1, 92]
$day          = $tm->day_of_month;              # [1, 31]
$day          = $tm->day_of_week;               # [1=Monday, 7=Sunday]

$hour         = $tm->hour;                      # [0, 23]
$minute       = $tm->minute;                    # [0, 59]
$minute       = $tm->minute_of_day;             # [0, 1439]
$second       = $tm->second;                    # [0, 59]
$second       = $tm->second_of_day;             # [0, 86_399]
$millisecond  = $tm->millisecond;               # [0, 999]
$millisecond  = $tm->millisecond_of_day;        # [0, 86_399_999]
$microsecond  = $tm->microsecond;               # [0, 999_999]
$microsecond  = $tm->microsecond_of_day;        # [0, 86_399_999_999]
$nanosecond   = $tm->nanosecond;                # [0, 999_999_999]
$nanosecond   = $tm->nanosecond_of_day;         # [0, 86_399_999_999_999]

$epoch        = $tm->epoch;
$offset       = $tm->offset;                    # [-1080, 1080] (±18:00)

$jd           = $tm->jd;                        # Julian Date
$mjd          = $tm->mjd;                       # Modified Julian Date
$rd           = $tm->rd;                        # Rata Die

$tm2          = $tm1->with($adjuster);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_year($year);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_quarter($quarter);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_month($month);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_week($week);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_day_of_year($day);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_day_of_quarter($day);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_day_of_month($day);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_day_of_week($day);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_hour($hour);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_minute($minute);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_minute_of_day($minute);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_second($second);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_second_of_day($second);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_millisecond($millisecond);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_millisecond_of_day($millisecond);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_microsecond($microsecond);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_microsecond_of_day($microsecond);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_nanosecond($nanosecond);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_nanosecond_of_day($nanosecond);

$tm2          = $tm1->with_offset_same_instant($offset);
$tm2          = $tm1->with_offset_same_local($offset);

$tm2          = $tm1->with_precision($precision);

$tm2          = $tm1->plus_years($years);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_months($months);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_weeks($weeks);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_days($days);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_hours($hours);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_minutes($minutes);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_seconds($seconds);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_milliseconds($milliseconds);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_microseconds($microseconds);
$tm2          = $tm1->plus_nanoseconds($nanoseconds);

$tm2          = $tm1->minus_years($years);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_months($months);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_weeks($weeks);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_days($days);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_hours($hours);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_minutes($minutes);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_seconds($seconds);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_milliseconds($milliseconds);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_microseconds($microseconds);
$tm2          = $tm1->minus_nanoseconds($nanoseconds);

$years        = $tm1->delta_years($tm2);
$months       = $tm1->delta_months($tm2);
$weeks        = $tm1->delta_weeks($tm2);
$days         = $tm1->delta_days($tm2);
$hours        = $tm1->delta_hours($tm2);
$minutes      = $tm1->delta_minutes($tm2);
$seconds      = $tm1->delta_seconds($tm2);
$milliseconds = $tm1->delta_milliseconds($tm2);
$microseconds = $tm1->delta_microseconds($tm2);
$nanoseconds  = $tm1->delta_nanoseconds($tm2);

$tm2          = $tm1->at_utc;

$tm2          = $tm1->at_midnight;              # T00:00:00.0
$tm2          = $tm1->at_noon;                  # T12:00:00.0

$tm2          = $tm1->at_last_day_of_year;
$tm2          = $tm1->at_last_day_of_quarter;
$tm2          = $tm1->at_last_day_of_month;

$boolean      = $tm1->is_before($tm2);
$boolean      = $tm1->is_after($tm2);
$boolean      = $tm1->is_equal($tm2);

$integer      = $tm1->compare($tm2);

$boolean      = $tm->is_leap_year;

$string       = $tm->to_string;
$string       = $tm->strftime($format);

$integer      = $tm->length_of_year;            # [365, 366]
$integer      = $tm->length_of_quarter;         # [90, 92]
$integer      = $tm->length_of_month;           # [28, 31]
$integer      = $tm->length_of_week_year;       # [52, 53]

@values       = $tm->utc_rd_values;
$seconds      = $tm->utc_rd_as_seconds;
@values       = $tm->local_rd_values;
$seconds      = $tm->local_rd_as_seconds;

$integer      = $tm1 <=> $tm2;

$boolean      = $tm1 == $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 != $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 <  $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 >  $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 <= $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 >= $tm2;

$string       = "$tm";

💫 DESCRIPTION 💫

Time::Moment is an immutable object — like, once it's constructed, it's not changing, periodt. It represents a specific date and time of day, along with an offset from UTC, inside the ISO 8601 calendar system. Time is measured in nanoseconds since 0001-01-01T00Z. Leap seconds are not accounted for in Time::Moment; each day is assumed to have exactly 86,400,000,000,000 nanoseconds. That's the rules. 💅

Time::Moment supports all epoch integers from -62,135,596,800 to 253,402,300,799, which means you get nanosecond precision for any instant in the range 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z to 9999-12-31T23:59:59Z. Slay. 🔥

🎀 CONSTRUCTORS 🎀

These are all the ways to create a Time::Moment. Pick your fighter. 🫶

💖 new

$tm = Time::Moment->new(
    year       => 2012,
    month      => 12,
    day        => 24,
    hour       => 15,
    minute     => 30,
    second     => 45,
    nanosecond => 123456789,
    offset     => 0,
);

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment from the given components. It's giving build-your-own timestamp, and honestly? Obsessed. ✨

Parameters:

  • year — the year [1, 9999].
  • month — the month of the year [1, 12].
  • day — the day of the month [1, 31]. The day must be valid for the year and month, otherwise an exception is raised. So don't try to make February 30 happen. It's not going to happen. 💀
  • hour — the hour of the day [0, 23].
  • minute — the minute of the hour [0, 59].
  • second — the second of the minute [0, 59].
  • nanosecond — the nanosecond of the second [0, 999_999_999].
  • offset — the offset from UTC in minutes [-1080, 1080] (±18:00).

🌙 now

$tm = Time::Moment->now;

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment that is set to the current date and time from the system clock in the system time zone, with the offset set to the system's time zone offset from UTC. It's literally "what time is it where I am" energy. 🕰️

☀️ now_utc

$tm = Time::Moment->now_utc;

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment that is set to the current date and time from the system clock in the UTC time zone. Same now-ness, but make it UTC. No local offset drama. 🌍

⏳ from_epoch

$tm = Time::Moment->from_epoch($seconds);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_epoch($seconds, $nanosecond);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_epoch($seconds [, nanosecond => 0] [, precision => 6]);

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment from the given seconds from the epoch of 1970-01-01T00Z. Fractional seconds is supported if the constructor is invoked with seconds only, the default precision is 6 (microseconds). So yes, you can be extra precise. 💅

Parameters:

  • nanosecond
$tm = Time::Moment->from_epoch($seconds, nanosecond => 0);

The optional parameter nanosecond [0, 999_999_999] specifies the nanosecond of the second.

  • precision
$tm = Time::Moment->from_epoch($seconds, precision => 6);

The optional parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 6 (microseconds).

🪄 from_object

$tm = Time::Moment->from_object($object);

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment from the given object. If the given object is an instance of Time::Moment it's returned otherwise an attempt is made to coerce the given object to an instance of Time::Moment. So it's flexible, but not in a messy way. 🧚

Time::Moment implements coercion handlers for the following object types:

  • DateTime
$tm = Time::Moment->from_object( DateTime->now );

The given DateTime object must be within the supported range and must have a time zone or an offset from UTC, coercing from the 'floating' time zone is not supported. Floating time zones? Not today, bestie. 🚫

  • Time::Piece
$tm = Time::Moment->from_object( scalar Time::Piece::localtime() );

The given Time::Piece object must be within the supported date range.

The coercion scheme is extensible and implemented as documented in Params::Coerce:

$tm = Params::Coerce::coerce('Time::Moment', scalar Time::Piece::localtime());
$tm = Params::Coerce::coerce('Time::Moment', DateTime->now);

Time::Moment also implements a coercion handler from Time::Moment to DateTime and Time::Piece:

$dt = Params::Coerce::coerce('DateTime', Time::Moment->now);
$tp = Params::Coerce::coerce('Time::Piece', Time::Moment->now);

📜 from_string

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string($string);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_string($string [, lenient => false]);

Okay so real talk bestie: this constructor is the ✨ main character ✨ of the whole module. You hand it a string, it hands you back a whole Time::Moment, no cap. But it's picky in a very specific way, so let's vibe check the rules.

The string has to be a complete date representation + time of day + a zone designator. The time of day can be trimmed down to just the hour, and the second of the minute is allowed to have a decimal fraction. That decimal sign can be either a comma [,] or a full stop [.] — both iconic, both valid. A decimal fraction needs at least one digit and can have a total of nine digits. If the fractional precision is greater than nine digits, the value gets truncated. 💅

The following are examples of complete date and time of day representations:

Basic format:                 Example:
YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ              20121224T121530Z
YYYYMMDDThhmmss±hhmm          20121224T121530+0100
YYYYMMDDThhmmss±hh            20121224T121530+01

YYYYMMDDThhmmss.ssZ           20121224T121530.500Z
YYYYMMDDThhmmss.ss±hhmm       20121224T121530.500+0100
YYYYMMDDThhmmss.ss±hh         20121224T121530.500+01

YYYYMMDDThhZ                  20121224T12Z              (reduced accuracy)
YYYYMMDDThhmmZ                20121224T1215Z            (reduced accuracy)
YYYYMMDDThhmm±hhmm            20121224T1215+0100        (reduced accuracy)
YYYYMMDDThhmm±hh              20121224T1215+01          (reduced accuracy)
Extended format:              Example:
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ          2012-12-24T12:15:30Z
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss±hh:mm     2012-12-24T12:15:30+01:00
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss±hh        2012-12-24T12:15:30+01

YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ssZ       2012-12-24T12:15:30.500Z
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ss±hh:mm  2012-12-24T12:15:30.500+01:00
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ss±hh     2012-12-24T12:15:30.500+01

YYYY-MM-DDThhZ                2012-12-24T12Z            (reduced accuracy)
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mmZ             2012-12-24T12:15Z         (reduced accuracy)
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm±hh:mm        2012-12-24T12:15+01:00    (reduced accuracy)
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm±hh           2012-12-24T12:15+01       (reduced accuracy)

Where representations using calendar dates are shown, ordinal dates or week dates may be substituted. This ISO 8601 profile corresponds to a subset of ISO 8601:2004 4.3 Date and time of day. Periodt.

If the optional boolean parameter lenient is true, the following examples are also accepted:

YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ssZ          2012-12-24 12:15:30Z
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ssz          2012-12-24 12:15:30z
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss±hhmm      2012-12-24 12:15:30+0100
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss±hh:mm     2012-12-24 12:15:30+01:00
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss±hh        2012-12-24 12:15:30+01

YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ssZ       2012-12-24 12:15:30.500Z
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ssz       2012-12-24 12:15:30.500z
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ss±hhmm   2012-12-24 12:15:30.500+0100
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ss±hh:mm  2012-12-24 12:15:30.500+01:00
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ss±hh     2012-12-24 12:15:30.500+01

YYYY-MM-DD hh:mmZ             2012-12-24 12:15Z
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mmz             2012-12-24 12:15z
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm±hhmm         2012-12-24 12:15+0100
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm±hh:mm        2012-12-24 12:15+01:00
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm±hh           2012-12-24 12:15+01

YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±hh:mm    2012-12-24 12:15:30 +01:00
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±hhmm     2012-12-24 12:15:30 +0100
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss ±hh       2012-12-24 12:15:30 +01
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss GMT       2012-12-24 12:15:30 GMT
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss GMT±hh    2012-12-24 12:15:30 GMT+01
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss UTC       2012-12-24 12:15:30 UTC
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss UTC±hh    2012-12-24 12:15:30 UTC+01

YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ss ±hhmm  2012-12-24 12:15:30.500 +0100
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ss ±hh:mm 2012-12-24 12:15:30.500 +01:00
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.ss ±hh    2012-12-24 12:15:30.500 +01

YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm ±hh:mm       2012-12-24 12:15 +01:00
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm ±hhmm        2012-12-24 12:15 +0100
YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm ±hh          2012-12-24 12:15 +01

The string representation may consist of a mixture of the basic format and the extended format. The time designator [T] may be in lower case [t] or replaced with a single space. A single space is also accepted between the time of day and the zone designator. The UTC designator [Z] may also be in lower case [z]. The literal string GMT or UTC may be used as a UTC designator and may have an offset.

🫶 bestie warning: usage of these string representations is strongly discouraged as they do not conform to the ISO 8601 standard. They're giving "technically works but the standards committee is crying" energy.

from_rd 🍓

$tm = Time::Moment->from_rd($rd);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_rd($rd [, offset => 0] [, precision => 3] [, epoch => 0]);

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment from the given Rata Die. The Rata Die is a count of days elapsed since 0000-12-31T00. The fractional part corresponds to the fraction of the day after midnight. The minimum acceptable Rata Die is 1, which corresponds to 0001-01-01T00.

Parameters:

offset

$tm = Time::Moment->from_rd($rd, offset => 0);

The optional parameter offset [-1080, 1080] (±18:00) specifies the offset from UTC in minutes. The default offset is 0.

precision

$tm = Time::Moment->from_rd($rd, precision => 3);

The optional parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 3 (milliseconds).

epoch

$tm = Time::Moment->from_rd($rd, epoch => 0);

The optional parameter epoch specifies the epoch date relative to 0000-12-31T00. The epoch date for the Rata Die is 0.

from_jd ⭐

$tm = Time::Moment->from_jd($jd);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_jd($jd [, precision => 3] [, epoch => -1721424.5]);

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment from the given Julian Date. The Julian Date is a count of days elapsed since -4713-11-24T12Z. The fractional part corresponds to the fraction of the day after noon. The minimum acceptable Julian Date is 1721425.5, which corresponds to 0001-01-01T00Z.

Parameters:

precision

$tm = Time::Moment->from_jd($jd, precision => 3);

The optional parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 3 (milliseconds).

epoch

$tm = Time::Moment->from_jd($jd, epoch => -1721424.5);

The optional parameter epoch specifies the epoch date relative to 0000-12-31T00Z. The epoch date for the Julian Date is -1721424.5.

from_mjd 🌸

$tm = Time::Moment->from_mjd($mjd);
$tm = Time::Moment->from_mjd($mjd [, precision => 3] [, epoch => 678576]);

Constructs an instance of Time::Moment from the given Modified Julian Date. The Modified Julian Date is a count of days elapsed since 1858-11-17T00Z. The fractional part corresponds to the fraction of the day after midnight. The minimum acceptable Modified Julian Date is -678575, which corresponds to 0001-01-01T00Z.

Parameters:

precision

$tm = Time::Moment->from_mjd($mjd, precision => 3);

The optional parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 3 (milliseconds).

epoch

$tm = Time::Moment->from_mjd($mjd, epoch => 678576);

The optional parameter epoch specifies the epoch date relative to 0000-12-31T00Z. The epoch date for the Modified Julian Date is 678576.

✨ INSTANCE METHODS ✨

Okay so now you've got your Time::Moment and you wanna ask it things. This is where it shines, bestie. All the getters, all the vibes. 👑

year

$year = $tm->year;

Returns the year [1, 9999].

quarter

$quarter = $tm->quarter;

Returns the quarter of the year [1, 4].

month

$month = $tm->month;

Returns the month of the year [1, 12].

week

$week = $tm->week;

Returns the week of the year [1, 53].

day_of_year

$day = $tm->day_of_year;

Returns the day of the year [1, 366].

day_of_quarter

$day = $tm->day_of_quarter;

Returns the day of the quarter [1, 92].

day_of_month

$day = $tm->day_of_month;

Returns the day of the month [1, 31].

day_of_week

$day = $tm->day_of_week;

Returns the day of the week [1=Monday, 7=Sunday].

hour

$hour = $tm->hour;

Returns the hour of the day [0, 23].

minute

$minute = $tm->minute;

Returns the minute of the hour [0, 59].

minute_of_day

$minute = $tm->minute_of_day;

Returns the minute of the day [0, 1439].

second

$second = $tm->second;

Returns the second of the minute [0, 59].

second_of_day

$second = $tm->second_of_day;

Returns the second of the day [0, 86_399].

millisecond

$millisecond = $tm->millisecond;

Returns the millisecond of the second [0, 999].

millisecond_of_day

$millisecond = $tm->millisecond_of_day;

Returns the millisecond of the day [0, 86_399_999].

microsecond

$microsecond = $tm->microsecond;

Returns the microsecond of the second [0, 999_999].

microsecond_of_day

$microsecond = $tm->microsecond_of_day;

Returns the microsecond of the day [0, 86_399_999_999].

nanosecond

$nanosecond = $tm->nanosecond;

Returns the nanosecond of the second [0, 999_999_999].

nanosecond_of_day

$nanosecond = $tm->nanosecond_of_day;

Returns the nanosecond of the day [0, 86_399_999_999_999].

epoch

$epoch = $tm->epoch;

Returns the number of integral seconds from the epoch of 1970-01-01T00Z.

offset

$offset = $tm->offset;

Returns the offset from UTC in minutes [-1080, 1080] (±18:00).

precision

$precision = $tm->precision;

Returns the precision of the time of the day [-3, 9]. Please see with_precision for an explanation of the returned precision value.

jd

$jd = $tm->jd;
$jd = $tm->jd([precision => 3]);

Returns the Julian Date. The Julian Date is a count of days elapsed since -4713-11-24T12Z. The fractional part corresponds to the fraction of the day after noon. The optional named parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 3 (milliseconds).

mjd

$mjd = $tm->mjd;
$mjd = $tm->mjd([precision => 3]);

Returns the Modified Julian Date. The Modified Julian Date is a count of days elapsed since 1858-11-17T00Z. The fractional part corresponds to the fraction of the day after midnight. The optional named parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 3 (milliseconds).

rd

$rd = $tm->rd;
$rd = $tm->rd([precision => 3]);

Returns the Rata Die. The Rata Die is a count of days elapsed since 0000-12-31T00. The fractional part corresponds to the fraction of the day after midnight. The optional named parameter precision [0, 9] specifies the precision of the fractional seconds. The default precision is 3 (milliseconds).

with

$tm2 = $tm1->with($adjuster);

okay so with_adjuster hands you back a brand-new copy of your moment, adjusted by whatever adjuster you pass in 💫. The adjuster is a CODE reference — you invoke it with an instance of Time::Moment, and it's expected to hand you back an instance of Time::Moment. Wanna know which adjusters are on the menu? Go peek at Time::Moment::Adjusters, bestie 🫶.

with_year

$tm2 = $tm1->with_year($year);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given year [1, 9999] altered. The day of the month of the date stays exactly where it is unless that day straight-up doesn't exist in the month. In that case, the day gets set to the last day of the month. no cap 📅

with_quarter

$tm2 = $tm1->with_quarter($quarter);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given quarter of the year [1, 4] altered. The day of the month stays put unless it doesn't exist in the month of the quarter. Then it's set to the last day of that month. 🍂

with_month

$tm2 = $tm1->with_month($month);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given month of the year [1, 12] altered. The day of the month stays unchanged unless it doesn't exist in the given month — in which case it's set to the last day of the given month. 💅

with_week

$tm2 = $tm1->with_week($week);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given week of the year [1, 53] altered. The week must be valid for the year, otherwise an exception is raised. 🚨

with_day_of_year

$tm2 = $tm1->with_day_of_year($day);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given day of the year [1, 366] altered. The day has to be valid for the year, otherwise an exception is raised. 😤

with_day_of_quarter

$tm2 = $tm1->with_day_of_quarter($day);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given day of the quarter [1, 92] altered. The day must be valid for the year and the quarter, otherwise an exception is raised.

with_day_of_month

$tm2 = $tm1->with_day_of_month($day);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given day of the month [1, 31] altered. The day must be valid for the year and the month, otherwise an exception is raised.

with_day_of_week

$tm2 = $tm1->with_day_of_week($day);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given day of the week altered, where [1=Monday, 7=Sunday]. monday girlies rise 🫡

with_hour

$tm2 = $tm1->with_hour($hour);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given hour of the day [0, 23] altered. ⏰

with_minute

$tm2 = $tm1->with_minute($minute);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given minute of the hour [0, 59] altered.

with_minute_of_day

$tm2 = $tm1->with_minute_of_day($minute);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given minute of the day [0, 1439] altered — and heads up, any lower-order time elements stay unaltered. 👑

with_second

$tm2 = $tm1->with_second($second);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given second of the minute [0, 59] altered.

with_second_of_day

$tm2 = $tm1->with_second_of_day($second);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given second of the day [0, 86_399] altered — and again, any lower-order time elements stay unaltered. ✨

with_millisecond

$tm2 = $tm1->with_millisecond($millisecond);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given millisecond of the second [0, 999] altered. The nanosecond of the second gets replaced with the given millisecond multiplied by 1,000,000. math girlie behavior 🔥

with_millisecond_of_day

$tm2 = $tm1->with_millisecond_of_day($millisecond);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given millisecond of the day [0, 86_400_000] altered. A millisecond value of 86_400_000 (T24:00) is normalized to midnight of the following day, and any lower-order time elements get truncated.

with_microsecond

$tm2 = $tm1->with_microsecond($microsecond);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given microsecond of the second [0, 999_999] altered. The nanosecond of the second gets replaced with the given microsecond multiplied by 1,000. 💜

with_microsecond_of_day

$tm2 = $tm1->with_microsecond_of_day($microsecond);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given microsecond of the day [0, 86_400_000_000] altered. A microsecond value of 86_400_000_000 (T24:00) is normalized to midnight of the following day, and any lower-order time elements get truncated.

with_nanosecond

$tm2 = $tm1->with_nanosecond($nanosecond);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given nanosecond of the second [0, 999_999_999] altered. tiny units, big energy 🧚

with_nanosecond_of_day

$tm2 = $tm1->with_nanosecond_of_day($nanosecond);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given nanosecond of the day [0, 86_400_000_000_000] altered. A nanosecond value of 86_400_000_000_000 (T24:00) is normalized to midnight of the following day.

with_offset_same_instant

$tm2 = $tm1->with_offset_same_instant($offset);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given offset from UTC in minutes [-1080, 1080] (±18:00) altered. The resulting time is at the same instant. 🕰️

This method makes sure the exact UTC instant stays untouched — but the local date and time get recalculated based on the new offset.

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string('2012-12-24T15-05')
                  ->with_offset_same_instant(0);
say $tm; # 2012-12-24T20Z

with_offset_same_local

$tm2 = $tm1->with_offset_same_local($offset);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given offset from UTC in minutes [-1080, 1080] (±18:00) altered. The resulting time has the same local time. 🌸

This method makes sure the local date and time stay untouched — but the offset changes to reflect the new timezone. And because of that, the UTC instant the instance represents also changes.

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string('2012-12-24T15-05')
                  ->with_offset_same_local(0);
say $tm; # 2012-12-24T15Z

with_precision

$tm2 = $tm1->with_precision($precision);

Returns a copy of this instance with the time of the day altered to the given precision [-3, 9]. A precision value between [0, 9] alters the precision of the fractional seconds. A precision of -1 truncates to minute of the hour; -2 truncates to hour of the day; -3 truncates to midnight of the day.

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string('2012-12-24T12:30:45.123456789Z');
say $tm->with_precision(6);  # T12:30:45.123456Z
say $tm->with_precision(3);  # T12:30:45.123Z
say $tm->with_precision(0);  # T12:30:45Z
say $tm->with_precision(-1); # T12:30:00Z
say $tm->with_precision(-2); # T12:00:00Z
say $tm->with_precision(-3); # T00:00:00Z

plus_years

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_years($years);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of years added. The day of the month stays unchanged unless it doesn't exist in the resulting month — then it gets set to the last day of the resulting month. For example, 2012-02-29 plus one year results in 2013-02-28. leap day, you tried 😭

plus_months

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_months($months);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of months added. The day of the month stays unchanged unless it doesn't exist in the resulting month — then it's set to the last day of the resulting month. For example, 2013-01-31 plus one month results in 2013-02-28; 2013-02-28 plus one month results in 2013-03-28.

plus_weeks

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_weeks($weeks);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of weeks added.

plus_days

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_days($days);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of days added.

plus_hours

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_hours($hours);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of hours added.

plus_minutes

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_minutes($minutes);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of minutes added.

plus_seconds

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_seconds($seconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of seconds added.

plus_milliseconds

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_milliseconds($milliseconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of milliseconds added.

plus_microseconds

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_microseconds($microseconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of microseconds added.

plus_nanoseconds

$tm2 = $tm1->plus_nanoseconds($nanoeconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of nanoseconds added.

minus_years

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_years($years);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of years subtracted. The day of the month stays unchanged unless it doesn't exist in the resulting month — then it's set to the last day of the resulting month. For example, 2012-02-29 minus one year results in 2011-02-28. 🥲

minus_months

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_months($months);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of months subtracted. The day of the month stays unchanged unless it doesn't exist in the resulting month — then it's set to the last day of the resulting month. For example, 2013-03-31 minus one month results in 2013-02-28; 2013-02-28 minus one month results in 2013-01-28.

minus_weeks

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_weeks($weeks);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of weeks subtracted.

minus_days

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_days($days);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of days subtracted.

minus_hours

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_hours($hours);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of hours subtracted.

minus_minutes

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_minutes($minutes);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of minutes subtracted.

minus_seconds

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_seconds($seconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of seconds subtracted.

minus_milliseconds

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_milliseconds($milliseconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of milliseconds subtracted.

minus_microseconds

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_microseconds($microseconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of microseconds subtracted.

minus_nanoseconds

$tm2 = $tm1->minus_nanoseconds($nanoseconds);

Returns a copy of this instance with the given number of nanoseconds subtracted.

delta_years

$years = $tm->delta_years($other);

Returns the difference between the local date of this moment and the other in terms of complete calendar years. The result will be negative if the local date of the other moment is before this. 📉

delta_months

$months = $tm->delta_months($other);

Returns the difference between the local date of this moment and the other in terms of complete calendar months. The result will be negative if the local date of the other moment is before this.

delta_weeks

$weeks = $tm->delta_weeks($other);

So like, delta_weeks returns the difference between the local date of this moment and the other one, counted in complete calendar weeks. And bestie, if the local date of the other moment is before this one, the result is gonna be negative. No cap. 💅

delta_days 💖

$days = $tm->delta_days($other);

Returns the difference between the local date of this moment and the other in terms of complete calendar days. The result will be negative if the local date of the other moment is before this. So if the other date is earlier, you get a negative number. Periodt. ✨

delta_hours ⏰

$hours = $tm->delta_hours($other);

Returns the difference between the instant of this moment and the other in terms of complete hours. The result will be negative if the instant of the other moment is before this. Basically if the other moment happened first, the number is negative. 🕰️

delta_minutes 💫

$minutes = $tm->delta_minutes($other);

Returns the difference between the instant of this moment and the other in terms of complete minutes. The result will be negative if the instant of the other moment is before this. Negative means the other one is earlier. 🤍

delta_seconds 🎀

$seconds = $tm->delta_seconds($other);

Returns the difference between the instant of this moment and the other in terms of complete seconds. The result will be negative if the instant of the other moment is before this. Yes, negative = other is before. Slay. 💖

delta_milliseconds ⚡

$milliseconds = $tm->delta_milliseconds($other);

Returns the difference between the instant of this moment and the other in terms of complete milliseconds. The result will be negative if the instant of the other moment is before this. Tiny time units, big drama. 😭

delta_microseconds 🔬

$microseconds = $tm->delta_microseconds($other);

Returns the difference between the instant of this moment and the other in terms of complete microseconds. The result will be negative if the instant of the other moment is before this. We're getting micro over here. 💅

delta_nanoseconds 🧚

$nanoseconds = $tm->delta_nanoseconds($other);

Returns the difference between the instant of this moment and the other in terms of complete nanoseconds. The result will be negative if the instant of the other moment is before this. Nanoseconds? That's main character precision. ✨

at_utc 🌍

$tm2 = $tm1->at_utc;

Returns a copy of this instance with the offset from UTC set to zero. This method is equivalent to:

$tm2 = $tm1->with_offset_same_instant(0);

So it's the same instant, just chillin' at UTC offset zero. 🌐

at_midnight 🌙

$tm2 = $tm1->at_midnight;

Returns a copy of this instance with the time of day set to midnight, T00:00:00.0. This method is equivalent to:

$tm2 = $tm1->with_hour(0)
           ->with_minute(0)
           ->with_second(0)
           ->with_nanosecond(0);

Midnight reset, but make it a whole chain. 💤

at_noon ☀️

$tm2 = $tm1->at_noon;

Returns a copy of this instance with the time of day set to noon, T12:00:00.0. This method is equivalent to:

$tm2 = $tm1->with_hour(12)
           ->with_minute(0)
           ->with_second(0)
           ->with_nanosecond(0);

Noon o'clock, bestie. Lunchtime energy. 🥗

at_last_day_of_year 🎆

$tm2 = $tm1->at_last_day_of_year;

Returns a copy of this instance with the date adjusted to the last day of the year, the time of the day is unaltered. So December 31st vibes, but your clock stays exactly the same. 🎇

at_last_day_of_quarter 📅

$tm2 = $tm1->at_last_day_of_quarter;

Returns a copy of this instance with the date adjusted to the last day of the quarter, the time of the day is unaltered. Quarter-end slay. 💐

at_last_day_of_month 🌸

$tm2 = $tm1->at_last_day_of_month;

Returns a copy of this instance with the date adjusted to the last day of the month, the time of the day is unaltered. End of month, but make it cute. 🎀

is_before ⏪

$boolean = $tm->is_before($other);

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not the instant of this time is before the other time. So true if this one is earlier. Simple. ✨

is_after ⏩

$boolean = $tm->is_after($other);

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not the instant of this time is after the other time. true if this one is later. Periodt. 💅

is_equal 🟰

$boolean = $tm->is_equal($other);

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not the instant of this time is equal the other time. Same instant? true. Iconic. 👑

compare ⚖️

$integer = $tm->compare($other);
$integer = $tm->compare($other [, precision => 9]);

Returns an integer indicating whether the instant of this time is before, after or equal the other time. Returns a value less than zero if this time is before the other; zero if this date is equal the other time; a value greater than zero if this time is after the other time. The optional parameter precision [-3, 9] specifies the precision of the comparison. The default precision is 9 (nanoseconds). Please see with_precision for an explanation of the precision value. So it's like a three-way vibe check. 🔥

is_leap_year 🐸

$boolean = $tm->is_leap_year;

Returns a boolean indicating whether or not the year of the local date of this moment is a leap year. Leap year? true. Otherwise false. Froggy energy. 🐸

to_string 📝

$string = $tm->to_string;
$string = $tm->to_string([reduced => false]);

Returns a string representation of the instance. If the optional named boolean parameter reduced is true a shorter representation is attempted. The string will be in one of the following representations:

YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm                (only if reduced => true)
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ffffff
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fffffffff

Followed by a zone designator in one of the following representations:

Z
±hh                             (only if reduced => true)
±hh:mm

The shortest representation will be used where the omitted parts are implied to be zero. So it's giving minimal, but only when it can be. ✨

strftime 🎨

$string = $tm->strftime($format);

Formats time according to the conversion specifications in the given $format string. The format string consists of zero or more conversion specifications and ordinary characters. All ordinary characters are copied directly into the resulting string. A conversion specification consists of a percent sign % and one other character. So it's like a little DIY time art project. 🎨

The following conversion specifications are supported:

  • %a — Replaced by the C locale's abbreviated day of the week name. Example: Mon, Tue, ..., Sun.
  • %A — Replaced by the C locale's full day of the week name. Example: Monday, Tuesday, ..., Sunday.
  • %b — Replaced by the C locale's abbreviated month name. Example: Jan, Feb, ..., Dec.
  • %B — Replaced by the C locale's full month name. Example: January, February, ..., December.
  • %c — Replaced by the C locale's date and time representation. Equivalent to "%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Y".
  • %C — Replaced by the year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer, as a decimal number [00, 99].
  • %d — Replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number [01, 31].
  • %D — Equivalent to "%m/%d/%y".
  • %e — Replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number [1, 31]; a single digit is preceded by a space.
  • %f — Replaced by the fractional second including the preceding decimal point or by an empty string if no fractional seconds are present. This conversion specification permits use of an optional maximum field width [0, 9] where the default field width of 0 will use the shortest of the following representations:
.fff        (millisecond)
.ffffff     (microsecond)
.fffffffff  (nanosecond)

Example:

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string('2012-12-24T15:30:45.123456Z');
$tm->strftime('%f');    # '.123456'
$tm->strftime('%3f');   # '.123'
$tm->strftime('%9f');   # '.123456000'

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string('2012-12-24T15:30:45Z');
$tm->strftime('%f');    # ''
$tm->strftime('%3f');   # ''

%3f is replaced by decimal point and exactly three fractional digits (zero-padded on the right or truncated if needed) if fractional seconds are present.

This conversion specification is an extension to the "IEEE Std 1003.1" <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html>.

  • %F — Equivalent to "%Y-%m-%d".
  • %g — Replaced by the last 2 digits of the year of the week as a decimal number [00, 99].
  • %G — Replaced by the week-based year as a decimal number [0001, 9999].
  • %h — Equivalent to %b.
  • %H — Replaced by the hour of day (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00, 23].
  • %I — Replaced by the hour of day (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01, 12].
  • %j — Replaced by the day of the year as a decimal number [001, 366].
  • %k — Replaced by the hour of day (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [1, 23]; a single digit is preceded by a space.

This conversion specification is an extension to the "IEEE Std 1003.1" <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html>.

  • %l — Replaced by the hour of day (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [1, 12]; a single digit is preceded by a space.

This conversion specification is an extension to the "IEEE Std 1003.1" <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html>.

  • %m — Replaced by the month of the year as a decimal number [01, 12].
  • %M — Replaced by the minute of hour as a decimal number [00, 59].
  • %n — Replaced by a <newline> character.
  • %N — Replaced by the fractional second as a decimal number. This conversion specification permits use of an optional maximum field width [0, 9] where the default field width of 0 will use the shortest of the following representations:
fff        (millisecond)
ffffff     (microsecond)
fffffffff  (nanosecond)

Example:

$tm = Time::Moment->from_string('2012-12-24T15:30:45.123456Z');
$tm->strftime('%N');    # '123456'
$tm->strftime('%3N');   # '123'
$tm->strftime('%9N');   # '123456000'

%3N is replaced by exactly three fractional digits (zero-padded on the right or truncated if needed).

This conversion specification is an extension to the "IEEE Std 1003.1" <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html>.

  • %p — Replaced by the C locale's meridian notation. Example: AM, PM.
  • %r — Replaced by the C locale's time in a.m. and p.m. notation. Equivalent to "%I:%M:%S %p".
  • %R — Replaced by the time in 24-hour notation. Equivalent to "%H:%M".
  • %s — Replaced by the number of seconds from the epoch of 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z as a decimal number.

This conversion specification is an extension to the "IEEE Std 1003.1" <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html>.

  • %S — Replaced by the second of hour as a decimal number [00, 59].
  • %t — Replaced by a <tab> character.
  • %T — Replaced by the time of day. Equivalent to "%H:%M:%S".
  • %u — Replaced by the day of the week as a decimal number [1, 7], with 1 representing Monday.
  • %U — Replaced by the week number of the year as a decimal number [00, 53]. The first Sunday of January is the first day of week 1; days in the new year before this are in week 0.
  • %V — Replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [01, 53]. If the week containing 1 January has four or more days in the new year, then it is considered week 1. Otherwise, it is the last week of the previous year, and the next week is week 1. Both January 4th and the first Thursday of January are always in week 1. 🗓️
  • %w — Replaced by the day of the week as a decimal number [0, 6], with 0 representing Sunday. 🌞
  • %W — Replaced by the week number of the year as a decimal number [00, 53]. The first Monday of January is the first day of week 1; days in the new year before this are in week 0. 📅
  • %x — Replaced by the C locale's date representation. Equivalent to "%m/%d/%y". 💖
  • %X — Replaced by the C locale's time representation. Equivalent to "%H:%M:%S". ⏰
  • %y — Replaced by the last two digits of the year as a decimal number [00, 99]. ✨
  • %Y — Replaced by the year as a decimal number [0001, 9999]. 👑
  • %z — Replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 basic format (±hhmm). 🌍
  • %:z — Replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 extended format (±hh:mm). 🌎
  • %Z — Replaced by the offset from UTC in the ISO 8601 extended format or by UTC designator (±hh:mm or Z). 🌏
  • %% — Replaced by %. 💯

length_of_year

$integer = $tm->length_of_year;

Returns the length of the year in days [365, 366]. No cap, leap years stay winning. 🎉

length_of_quarter

$integer = $tm->length_of_quarter;

Returns the length of the quarter of the year in days [90, 92]. 📆

length_of_month

$integer = $tm->length_of_month;

Returns the length of the month of the year in days [28, 31]. 🗓️

length_of_week_year

$integer = $tm->length_of_week_year;

Returns the length of the week of the year in weeks [52, 53]. 🗓️✨

utc_rd_values

($rdn, $sod, $nanosecond) = $tm->utc_rd_values;

Returns a list of three elements:

  • $rdn — The number of integral days from the Rata Die epoch of 0000-12-31. 📅
  • $sod — The second of the day [0, 86_399]. ⏱️
  • $nanosecond — The nanosecond of the second [0, 999_999_999]. 🔬

utc_rd_as_seconds

$seconds = $tm->utc_rd_as_seconds;

Returns the number of integral seconds from the Rata Die epoch of 0000-12-31T00:00:00Z. ⏳

local_rd_values

($rdn, $sod, $nanosecond) = $tm->local_rd_values;

Returns a list of three elements:

  • $rdn — The number of integral days from the Rata Die epoch of 0000-12-31. 📅
  • $sod — The second of the day [0, 86_399]. ⏱️
  • $nanosecond — The nanosecond of the second [0, 999_999_999]. 🔬

local_rd_as_seconds

$seconds = $tm->local_rd_as_seconds;

Returns the number of integral seconds from the Rata Die epoch of 0000-12-31T00:00:00. ⏳

✨ OVERLOADED OPERATORS ✨

🎀 stringification 🎀

$string = "$tm";

The $string will be in one of the following representations:

YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fff
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.ffffff
YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss.fffffffff

Followed by a zone designator in one of the following representations:

Z
±hh:mm

The shortest representation will be used where the omitted parts are implied to be zero. This representation is conformant with ISO 8601 profiles, such as:

The to_string method or the strftime format string "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%f%Z" produces an equivalent string representation:

"$tm" eq $tm->to_string;
"$tm" eq $tm->strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%f%Z");

The total length of the string representation will be between 20 and 35 characters (inclusive). Bestie, that's a whole glow-up in 20–35 chars. 💅

⚖️ comparison ⚖️

$integer      = $tm1 <=> $tm2;

$boolean      = $tm1 == $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 != $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 <  $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 >  $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 <= $tm2;
$boolean      = $tm1 >= $tm2;

🎀 SERIALIZATION 🎀

💾 Storable 💾

The serialized representation of a Time::Moment is a string of 16 bytes that contains MAGIC (2 bytes), time zone offset from UTC (2 bytes), the number of days from Rata Die (4 bytes), second of the day (4 bytes) and nanosecond of the second (4 bytes). 📦

The total size of the serialized Time::Moment instance using nfreeze is 34 bytes. 🔥

🧾 JSON 🧾

Time::Moment implements a TO_JSON method that returns the stringified representation of the instance. 🪄

🧬 CBOR 🧬

Time::Moment implements a TO_CBOR method that returns the stringified representation of the instance using tag 0 (standard date/time string). 🏷️

See CBOR::XS, RFC 7049 Section 2.4.1 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049#section-2.4.1> and eg/cbor.pl for an example how to roundtrip instances of Time::Moment. 🔁

🚀 Sereal 🚀

Sereal version 2.030 or later implements support for the generic serialization protocol FREEZE/THAW. ❄️🔥

🧊 FREEZE/THAW 🔥

Time::Moment implements a FREEZE method that returns the stringified representation of the instance and a THAW method according to the serialization protocol specified in Types::Serialiser. 🧊➡️🔥

🌈 EXAMPLE FORMAT STRINGS 🌈

🌸 ISO 8601 - Data elements and interchange formats 🌸

📅 Date 📅

Calendar date - 24 December 2012

Basic format:

  • %Y%m%d → 20121224
  • %Y%m → 201212 (reduced accuracy)

Extended format:

  • %Y-%m-%d → 2012-12-24
  • %Y-%m → 2012-12 (reduced accuracy)

Ordinal date - 24 December 2012

Basic format:

  • %Y%j → 2012359

Extended format:

  • %Y-%j → 2012-359

Week date - Monday, 24 December 2012

Basic format:

  • %GW%V%u → 2012W521
  • %GW%V → 2012W52 (reduced accuracy)

Extended format:

  • %G-W%V-%u → 2012-W52-1
  • %G-W%V → 2012-W52 (reduced accuracy)

⏰ Time of day ⏰

Local time - 30 minutes and 45 seconds past 15 hours

Basic format:

  • %H%M%S → 153045
  • %H%M → 1530 (reduced accuracy)

Extended format:

  • %H:%M:%S → 15:30:45
  • %H:%M → 15:30 (reduced accuracy)

Local time with decimal fractions - 30 minutes and 45 and a half second past 15 hours

Basic format:

  • %H%M%S%f → 153045.500
  • %H%M%S.%1N → 153045.5

Extended format:

  • %H:%M:%S%f → 15:30:45.500
  • %H:%M:%S.%1N → 15:30:45.5

Local time and the difference from UTC - 30 minutes and 45 seconds past 15 hours, one hour ahead of UTC

Basic format:

  • %H%M%S%z → 153045+0100

Extended format:

  • %H:%M:%S%Z → 15:30:45+01:00

📆 Date and time of day 📆

Combinations of calendar date and time of day

Basic format:

  • %Y%m%dT%H%M%S%z → 20121224T153045+0100
  • %Y%m%dT%H%M%S%f%z → 20121224T153045.500+0100
  • %Y%m%dT%H%M%z → 20121224T1530+0100 (reduced accuracy)

Extended format:

  • %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%Z → 2012-12-24T15:30:45+01:00
  • %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%f%Z → 2012-12-24T15:30:45.500+01:00
  • %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M%Z → 2012-12-24T15:30+01:00 (reduced accuracy)

Combinations of ordinal date and time of day

Basic format:

  • %Y%jT%H%M%S%z → 2012359T153045+0100
  • %Y%jT%H%M%S%f%z → 2012359T153045.500+0100
  • %Y%jT%H%M%z → 2012359T1530+0100 (reduced accuracy)

Extended format:

  • %Y-%jT%H:%M:%S%Z → 2012-359T15:30:45+01:00
  • %Y-%jT%H:%M:%S%f%Z → 2012-359T15:30:45.500+01:00
  • %Y-%jT%H:%M%Z → 2012-359T15:30+01:00 (reduced accuracy)

Combinations of week date and time of day

Basic format:

  • %GW%V%uT%H%M%S%z → 2012W521T153045+0100
  • %GW%V%uT%H%M%S%f%z → 2012W521T153045.500+0100
  • %GW%V%uT%H%M%f%z → 2012W521T1530+0100 (reduced accuracy)

Extended format:

  • %G-W%V-%uT%H:%M:%S%Z → 2012-W52-1T15:30:45+01:00
  • %G-W%V-%uT%H:%M:%S%f%Z → 2012-W52-1T15:30:45.500+01:00
  • %G-W%V-%uT%H:%M%Z → 2012-W52-1T15:30+01:00 (reduced accuracy)

🗄️ ISO 9075 - Information technology - Database languages - SQL 🗄️

Literal values from Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation)

Date:

  • %Y-%m-%d → 2012-12-24

Time:

  • %H:%M:%S → 15:30:45
  • %H:%M:%S%f → 15:30:45.500

Timestamp:

  • %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S → 2012-12-24 15:30:45
  • %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %:z → 2012-12-24 15:30:45 +01:00
  • %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%f → 2012-12-24 15:30:45.500
  • %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%f %:z → 2012-12-24 15:30:45.500 +01:00

🌐 RFC 1123 - Requirements for Internet Hosts 🌐

RFC 822 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822#section-5> as updated by RFC 1123 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1123>.

Format:

  • %a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z → Mon, 24 Dec 2012 15:30:45 +0100

🕸️ RFC 2616 - HTTP/1.1 🕸️

RFC 2616 - 3.3.1 Full Date <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-3.3.1>.

Format:

  • %a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT → Mon, 24 Dec 2012 14:30:45 GMT

An HTTP date value represents time as an instance of UTC:

$string = $tm->at_utc->strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT");

✉️ RFC 5322 - Internet Message Format ✉️

RFC 5322 - 3.3. Date and Time Specification <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#section-3.3>.

Format:

  • %a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z → Mon, 24 Dec 2012 15:30:45 +0100
  • %a, %d %b %Y %H:%M %z → Mon, 24 Dec 2012 15:30 +0100
  • %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z → 24 Dec 2012 15:30:45 +0100
  • %d %b %Y %H:%M %z → 24 Dec 2012 15:30 +0100

✨ SUPPORTED CALENDARS ✨

Time::Moment primarily supports four distinct calendars through ->from_string as well as accessor and adjustor (->with) methods. 💅

📅 Calendar Date (ISO 8601)

The calendar date format is the classic year-month-day system. It's structured as YYYY-MM-DD, where YYYY is the year, MM is the two-digit month number (ranging from 01 for January to 12 for December), and DD is the two-digit day of the month (ranging from 01 to 31, depending on the month). Periodt.

Examples in both basic and extended formats:

  • December 17, 2024
    • Extended format: "2024-12-17"
    • Basic format: 20241217
  • July 1, 2024
    • Extended format: "2024-07-01"
    • Basic format: 20240701

To construct a Time::Moment instance for July 1, 2024:

$tm = Time::Moment->new( year => 2024, month => 7, day => 1 );

See "Date" for example strftime conversion specifications.

🔢 Ordinal Date (ISO 8601)

The ordinal date format represents a date using the year and the day of the year. It's structured as YYYY-DDD, where YYYY represents the year, and DDD is the day of the year, a three-digit number ranging from 001 to 365 (or 366 for leap years). No cap.

Examples in both basic and extended formats:

  • First day of 2024
    • Extended format: "2024-001"
    • Basic format: 2024001
  • 366th day of 2024 (last day of the year, leap year)
    • Extended format: "2024-366"
    • Basic format: 2024366

To construct a Time::Moment instance for the 366th day of 2024:

$tm = Time::Moment->new( year => 2024 )
                  ->with_day_of_year(366);

See "Date" for example strftime conversion specifications.

🗓️ Week Date (ISO 8601)

The week date format is a standardized way to represent dates based on the week of the year. It's structured as YYYY-Www-D, where YYYY represents the week-based year, which may differ from the calendar year in certain cases. Www is the two-digit week number, ranging from 01 to 53, indicating the specific week of the year. The final component, D, represents the day of the week, with values from 1 (Monday) to 7 (Sunday). It's giving organized. 💖

The system standardizes the structure of years by defining the first week (W01) as the week that includes the first Thursday of the calendar year. Consequently, most years consist of 52 weeks, but some may have 53 weeks depending on how the weeks align with the calendar.

The week year may differ from the calendar year at the beginning or end of the year, for example:

  • If January 1 falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday, those days will belong to the last week of the previous week year.
  • Similarly, if December 31 falls on a Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday, those days will belong to the first week of the next week year.

This system ensures consistency for weeks but can cause overlaps or shifts between calendar and week years.

Examples in both basic and extended formats:

  • Monday of the first week of 2024
    • Extended format: "2024-W01-1"
    • Basic format: "2024W011"
  • Sunday of the 52nd week of 2023
    • Extended format: "2023-W52-7"
    • Basic format: "2023W527"
Note: The standard defines week 01 as the week containing the first Thursday of the calendar year, which is equivalent to the week that includes January 4, due to the interdependent properties of the week.

To construct a Time::Moment instance for Sunday of the 52nd week of 2023:

$tm = Time::Moment->new( year => 2023, day => 4 )
                  ->with_week(52)
                  ->with_day_of_week(7);

See "Date" for example strftime conversion specifications.

🌸 Quarter Date (Non-Standard)

The quarter date format is the non-standard one, bestie. It represents a date based on the year, the quarter of the year, and day within the quarter. It's structured as YYYY-Qq-dd, where YYYY is the year, Qq indicates the quarter ("Q1", "Q2", "Q3", or "Q4"), and dd is the day of the quarter, ranging from 01 to 92 depending on the quarter. For example, "Q1" refers to the first quarter, which includes January, February, and March; "Q2" refers to the second quarter (April, May, and June), and so on.

Examples in both basic and extended formats:

  • First day of the first quarter of 2024
    • Extended format: "2024-Q1-01"
    • Basic format: "2024Q101"
  • 45th day of the second quarter of 2023
    • Extended format: "2023-Q2-45"
    • Basic format: "2023Q245"

To construct a Time::Moment instance for 45th day of the second quarter of 2023:

$tm = Time::Moment->new( year => 2023 )
                  ->with_quarter(2)
                  ->with_day_of_quarter(45);

⏳ TIME AND CALENDAR ARITHMETIC ⏳

Time and Calendar Arithmetic refers to operations involving the addition, subtraction, or comparison of temporal values. These operations can involve either precise time units (such as seconds, minutes, and hours) or calendar units (like days, months, and years). These two types of arithmetic are fundamentally different due to their distinct characteristics. 💀

Mixing calendar units and time units can lead to confusion and inaccuracies because they adhere to different principles:

  1. Calendar Units Are Variable
    • Days, months, and years do not have consistent lengths:
      • A day is generally 24 hours, but events like daylight saving time changes or leap seconds can alter this.
      • A month can vary between 28, 29, 30, or 31 days.
      • A year can be 365 or 366 days (leap years).
    • In contrast, time units such as seconds, minutes, and hours are fixed. For instance, there are always 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour.

Example: Adding 1 calendar month to January 31 may result in February 28 (or 29 in a leap year) rather than February 31, which does not exist.

  1. Conceptual Differences Between Calendar and Time Units
    • Calendar units are positional and relate to transitions within a calendar system. For example, moving from "December 31 to January 1" indicates crossing into a new day, even if only 1 second has passed.
    • Time units measure exact durations, such as the total number of seconds, minutes, or hours between two timestamps.

Example: The difference between "2012-12-31T23:59:59Z" and "2013-01-01T00:59:59Z":

  • In calendar terms, this spans 2 calendar days, as moving even 1 second into January 1 is considered a new day.
  • In time units, the difference is precisely 1 hour or 60 minutes.
  1. Risks of Mixing Units
    • Mixing calendar and time units can lead to misleading interpretations:
      • Phrases like "1 day and 2 hours" might be ambiguous if not explicitly tied to a specific time context.
      • A span of "24 hours" does not always equate to "1 calendar day," particularly when factors like daylight saving time come into play.

🕰️ When to Use Each Type of Arithmetic

  • Use calendar units when dealing with schedules, recurring events, or positional changes within a date system (e.g., adding months to calculate an anniversary).
  • Use time units when working with precise durations, such as timers, interval measurements, or elapsed time calculations.

💖 TIME ZONES 💖

okay so bestie, a Time::Moment instance represents a precise point in time but it does NOT account for time zones. no cap. So when you're doing arithmetic or modifying components of the local date/time, you might need to apply a time zone conversion to make sure the representation stays accurate. 🦋

Time::Moment is API compatible with DateTime::TimeZone and DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile. 💅

✨ Converting from instant time to designated time zone ✨

$tm = Time::Moment->new(
    year   => 2012,
    month  => 12,
    day    => 24,
    hour   => 15
);
$zone   = DateTime::TimeZone->new(name => 'America/New_York');
$offset = $zone->offset_for_datetime($tm) / 60;

say $tm->with_offset_same_instant($offset); # 2012-12-24T10-05

✨ Converting from local time to designated time zone ✨

$tm = Time::Moment->new(
    year   => 2012,
    month  => 12,
    day    => 24,
    hour   => 15
);
$zone   = DateTime::TimeZone->new(name => 'America/New_York');
$offset = $zone->offset_for_local_datetime($tm) / 60;

say $tm->with_offset_same_local($offset); # 2012-12-24T15-05

🌸 The Effect of Daylight Saving Time 🌸

The time zone Europe/Brussels has 01:00 UTC as standard time, and 02:00 UTC as daylight savings time, with transition dates according to the European Summer Time http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Time_in_Europe.

$zone = DateTime::TimeZone->new(name => 'Europe/Brussels');

sub convert_from_instant {
    my ($tm, $zone) = @_;
    my $offset = $zone->offset_for_datetime($tm) / 60;
    return $tm->with_offset_same_instant($offset);
}

sub convert_from_local {
    my ($tm, $zone) = @_;
    my $offset = $zone->offset_for_local_datetime($tm) / 60;
    return $tm->with_offset_same_local($offset);
}

European Summer Time begins (clocks go forward) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in March, in 2014 the transition date was March 30. ⏰

$tm1 = Time::Moment->from_string('2014-03-29T12+01');
$tm2 = $tm1->plus_hours(24);
say convert_from_instant($tm2, $zone); # 2014-03-30T13+02
say convert_from_local($tm2, $zone);   # 2014-03-30T12+02

During the transition from standard time to daylight savings time, the local time interval between 02:00:00 and 02:59:59 does not exist. Local time values in that interval are invalid. DateTime::TimeZone raises an exception when attempting to convert non-existing local time. 😭

$tm1 = Time::Moment->from_string('2014-03-29T22+01');
$tm2 = $tm1->plus_hours(4);
say convert_from_instant($tm2, $zone); # 2014-03-30T03+02
say convert_from_local($tm2, $zone);   # raises an exception

European Summer Time ends (clocks go backward) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in October, in 2014 the transition date was October 26. 🍂

$tm1 = Time::Moment->from_string('2014-10-25T12+02');
$tm2 = $tm1->plus_hours(24);
say convert_from_instant($tm2, $zone); # 2014-10-26T11+01
say convert_from_local($tm2, $zone);   # 2014-10-26T12+01

During the transition from daylight savings time to standard time, the local time interval between 02:00:00 and 02:59:59 is repeated. Local time values in that interval are ambiguous because they occur twice. When DateTime::TimeZone converts an ambiguous local time it returns the numerically lowest offset (usually the standard one). 💅

$tm1 = Time::Moment->from_string('2014-10-25T22+02');
$tm2 = $tm1->plus_hours(4);
say convert_from_instant($tm2, $zone); # 2014-10-26T02+02
say convert_from_local($tm2, $zone);   # 2014-10-26T02+01

💀 DIAGNOSTICS 💀

  • (F) Usage: %s — Method called with wrong number of arguments.
  • (F) Parameter '%s' is out of range
  • (F) Parameter '%s' is out of the range [%d, %d]
  • (F) Cannot coerce object of type %s to Time::Moment
  • (F) Could not parse the given string
  • (F) %s is not an instance of Time::Moment
  • (F) A %s object can only be compared to another %s object ('%s', '%s')

🧵 THREAD SAFETY 🧵

Time::Moment is thread safe. periodt. ✨

👀 SEE ALSO 👀

  • DateTime
  • Time::Piece

🫶 SUPPORT 🫶

🐛 Bugs / Feature Requests 🐛

Please report any bugs or feature requests through the issue tracker at https://github.com/chansen/p5-time-moment/issues. You will be notified automatically of any progress on your issue. 💖

📦 SOURCE CODE 📦

This is open source software. The code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license.

https://github.com/chansen/p5-time-moment

git clone https://github.com/chansen/p5-time-moment

👑 AUTHOR 👑

Christian Hansen chansen@cpan.org

Copyright 2013-2017 by Christian Hansen.

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.

ok bye bestie 💅 this page is Time::Moment(3), version perl v5.42.0, dated 2026-01-21, and that's on periodt ✨🦋

📦 where this page comes from