I18N::L...s::List(3pm)

📦
version 5.42.3 · 9 versions
, in alpine 3.24

🦋 I18N::LangTags::List(3pm) 🦋

okay bestie, this is the I18N::LangTags::List(3pm) page from the Perl Programmers Reference Guide — and it's literally all about tags and names for human languages. we're gonna get through it together, no cap. 💖

✨ NAME ✨

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

🌸 SYNOPSIS 🌸

okay so here's the vibe check:

  use I18N::LangTags::List;
  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
    ), "?\n";

and it prints:

Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

iconic. 💅

🎀 DESCRIPTION 🎀

This module gives you a function I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag ) that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also gives you a function I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag ) that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like "fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

🦋 ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS 🦋

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

  • Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/, and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".
  • Language tags are not for computer languages.
  • "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.
  • Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.
  • Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.
  • Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code ".jp" for Japan.

🌈 LIST OF LANGUAGES 🌈

The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

  • {ab} — Abkhazian
    • eq Abkhaz
  • {ace} — Achinese
  • {ach} — Acoli
  • {ada} — Adangme
  • {ady} — Adyghe
    • eq Adygei
  • {aa} — Afar
  • {afh} — Afrihili
    • (Artificial)
  • {af} — Afrikaans
  • {afa} — Afro-Asiatic (Other) (bracketed)
  • {ak} — Akan
    • (Formerly "aka".)
  • {akk} — Akkadian
    • (Historical)
  • {sq} — Albanian
  • {ale} — Aleut
  • {alg} — Algonquian languages (bracketed)
    • NOT Algonquin!
  • {tut} — Altaic (Other) (bracketed)
  • {am} — Amharic
    • NOT Aramaic!
  • {i-ami} — Ami
    • eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.
  • {apa} — Apache languages (bracketed)
  • {ar} — Arabic
    • Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.
  • {arc} — Aramaic
    • NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!
  • {arp} — Arapaho
  • {arn} — Araucanian
  • {arw} — Arawak
  • {hy} — Armenian
  • {an} — Aragonese
  • {art} — Artificial (Other) (bracketed)
  • {ast} — Asturian
    • eq Bable.
  • {as} — Assamese
  • {ath} — Athapascan languages (bracketed)
    • eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.
  • {aus} — Australian languages (bracketed)
  • {map} — Austronesian (Other) (bracketed)
  • {av} — Avaric
    • (Formerly "ava".)
  • {ae} — Avestan
    • eq Zend
  • {awa} — Awadhi
  • {ay} — Aymara
  • {az} — Azerbaijani
    • eq Azeri
    • Notable forms: {az-arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.
  • {ban} — Balinese
  • {bat} — Baltic (Other) (bracketed)
  • {bal} — Baluchi
  • {bm} — Bambara
    • (Formerly "bam".)
  • {bai} — Bamileke languages (bracketed)
  • {bad} — Banda
  • {bnt} — Bantu (Other) (bracketed)
  • {bas} — Basa
  • {ba} — Bashkir
  • {eu} — Basque
  • {btk} — Batak (Indonesia)
  • {bej} — Beja
  • {be} — Belarusian
    • eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian!
  • {bem} — Bemba
  • {bn} — Bengali
    • eq Bangla.
  • {ber} — Berber (Other) (bracketed)
  • {bho} — Bhojpuri
  • {bh} — Bihari
  • {bik} — Bikol
  • {bin} — Bini
  • {bi} — Bislama
    • eq Bichelamar.
  • {bs} — Bosnian
  • {bra} — Braj
  • {br} — Breton
  • {bug} — Buginese
  • {bg} — Bulgarian
  • {i-bnn} — Bunun
  • {bua} — Buriat
  • {my} — Burmese
  • {cad} — Caddo
  • {car} — Carib
  • {ca} — Catalan
    • eq Catalán. eq Catalonian.
  • {cau} — Caucasian (Other) (bracketed)
  • {ceb} — Cebuano
  • {cel} — Celtic (Other) (bracketed)
    • Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)
  • {cai} — Central American Indian (Other) (bracketed)
  • {chg} — Chagatai
    • (Historical?)
  • {cmc} — Chamic languages (bracketed)
  • {ch} — Chamorro
  • {ce} — Chechen
  • {chr} — Cherokee
    • eq Tsalagi
  • {chy} — Cheyenne
  • {chb} — Chibcha
    • (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).
  • {ny} — Chichewa
    • eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.
  • {zh} — Chinese
    • Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly "i-hakka"]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.
  • {chn} — Chinook Jargon
    • eq Chinook Wawa.
  • {chp} — Chipewyan
  • {cho} — Choctaw
  • {cu} — Church Slavic
    • eq Old Church Slavonic.
  • {chk} — Chuukese
    • eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.
  • {cv} — Chuvash
  • {cop} — Coptic
  • {kw} — Cornish
  • {co} — Corsican
    • eq Corse.
  • {cr} — Cree
    • NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".)
  • {mus} — Creek
    • NOT Cree!
  • {cpe} — English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other) (bracketed)
  • {cpf} — French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other) (bracketed)
  • {cpp} — Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other) (bracketed)
  • {crp} — Creoles and pidgins (Other) (bracketed)
  • {hr} — Croatian
    • eq Croat.
  • {cus} — Cushitic (Other) (bracketed)
  • {cs} — Czech
  • {dak} — Dakota
    • eq Nakota. eq Latoka.
  • {da} — Danish
  • {dar} — Dargwa
  • {day} — Dayak
  • {i-default} — Default (Fallthru) Language
    • Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.
  • {del} — Delaware
  • {din} — Dinka
  • {dv} — Divehi
    • eq Maldivian. (Formerly "div".)
  • {doi} — Dogri
    • NOT Dogrib!
  • {dgr} — Dogrib
    • NOT Dogri!
  • {dra} — Dravidian (Other) (bracketed)
  • {dua} — Duala
  • {nl} — Dutch
    • eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.
  • {dum} — Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)
    • (Historical)
  • {dyu} — Dyula
  • {dz} — Dzongkha
  • {efi} — Efik
  • {egy} — Ancient Egyptian
    • (Historical)
  • {eka} — Ekajuk
  • {elx} — Elamite
    • (Historical)
  • {en} — English
    • Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.
  • {enm} — Old English (1100-1500)
    • (Historical)
  • {ang} — Old English (ca.450-1100)
    • eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)
  • {i-enochian} — Enochian (Artificial)
  • {myv} — Erzya
  • {eo} — Esperanto
    • (Artificial)
  • {et} — Estonian
  • {ee} — Ewe
    • (Formerly "ewe".)
  • {ewo} — Ewondo
  • {fan} — Fang
  • {fat} — Fanti
  • {fo} — Faroese
  • {fj} — Fijian
  • {fi} — Finnish
  • {fiu} — Finno-Ugrian (Other) (bracketed)
    • eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!
  • {fon} — Fon
  • {fr} — French
    • Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.
  • {frm} — Middle French (ca.1400-1600)
    • (Historical)
  • {fro} — Old French (842-ca.1400)
    • (Historical)
  • {fy} — Frisian
  • {fur} — Friulian
  • {ff} — Fulah
    • (Formerly "ful".)
  • {gaa} — Ga
  • {gd} — Scots Gaelic
    • NOT Scots!
  • {gl} — Gallegan
    • eq Galician
  • {lg} — Ganda
    • (Formerly "lug".)
  • {gay} — Gayo. 💅
  • {gba} — Gbaya.
  • {gez} — Geez, aka Ge'ez.
  • {ka} — Georgian.
  • {de} — German. Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.
  • {gmh} — Middle High German (ca.1050-1500) — historical 🕰️.
  • {goh} — Old High German (ca.750-1050) — historical 🕰️.
  • [{gem} : Germanic (Other)]
  • {gil} — Gilbertese.
  • {gon} — Gondi.
  • {gor} — Gorontalo.
  • {got} — Gothic — historical 🕰️.
  • {grb} — Grebo.
  • {grc} — Ancient Greek — historical, until 15th century or so. 🏛️
  • {el} — Modern Greek — since 15th century or so. 🇬🇷
  • {gn} — Guarani, also styled Guaraní.
  • {gu} — Gujarati.
  • {gwi} — Gwich'in, aka Gwichin.
  • {hai} — Haida.
  • {ht} — Haitian, aka Haitian Creole.
  • {ha} — Hausa.
  • {haw} — Hawaiian, also styled Hawai'ian. 🌺
  • {he} — Hebrew — formerly iw.
  • {hz} — Herero.
  • {hil} — Hiligaynon.
  • {him} — Himachali.
  • {hi} — Hindi.
  • {ho} — Hiri Motu.
  • {hit} — Hittite — historical 🕰️.
  • {hmn} — Hmong.
  • {hu} — Hungarian.
  • {hup} — Hupa.
  • {iba} — Iban.
  • {is} — Icelandic.
  • {io} — Ido — artificial.
  • {ig} — Igbo — formerly ibo.
  • {ijo} — Ijo.
  • {ilo} — Iloko.
  • [{inc} : Indic (Other)]
  • [{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]
  • {id} — Indonesian — formerly in.
  • {inh} — Ingush.
  • {ia} — Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) — artificial. NOT Interlingue!
  • {ie} — Interlingue — artificial. NOT Interlingua!
  • {iu} — Inuktitut — a subform of "Eskimo".
  • {ik} — Inupiaq — a subform of "Eskimo".
  • [{ira} : Iranian (Other)]
  • {ga} — Irish. 🍀
  • {mga} — Middle Irish (900-1200) — historical 🕰️.
  • {sga} — Old Irish (to 900) — historical 🕰️.
  • [{iro} : Iroquoian languages]
  • {it} — Italian. Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian. 🇮🇹
  • {ja} — Japanese — NOT jp!
  • {jv} — Javanese — formerly jw because of a typo.
  • {jrb} — Judeo-Arabic.
  • {jpr} — Judeo-Persian.
  • {kbd} — Kabardian.
  • {kab} — Kabyle.
  • {kac} — Kachin.
  • {kl} — Kalaallisut, aka Greenlandic "Eskimo".
  • {xal} — Kalmyk.
  • {kam} — Kamba.
  • {kn} — Kannada, aka Kanarese. NOT Canadian!
  • {kr} — Kanuri — formerly kau.
  • {krc} — Karachay-Balkar.
  • {kaa} — Kara-Kalpak.
  • {kar} — Karen.
  • {ks} — Kashmiri.
  • {csb} — Kashubian, aka Kashub.
  • {kaw} — Kawi.
  • {kk} — Kazakh.
  • {kha} — Khasi.
  • {km} — Khmer, aka Cambodian. aka Kampuchean.
  • [{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]
  • {kho} — Khotanese.
  • {ki} — Kikuyu, aka Gikuyu.
  • {kmb} — Kimbundu.
  • {rw} — Kinyarwanda.
  • {ky} — Kirghiz.
  • {i-klingon} — Klingon. 🖖
  • {kv} — Komi.
  • {kg} — Kongo — formerly kon.
  • {kok} — Konkani.
  • {ko} — Korean.
  • {kos} — Kosraean.
  • {kpe} — Kpelle.
  • {kro} — Kru.
  • {kj} — Kuanyama.
  • {kum} — Kumyk.
  • {ku} — Kurdish.
  • {kru} — Kurukh.
  • {kut} — Kutenai.
  • {lad} — Ladino, aka Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy).
  • {lah} — Lahnda. NOT Lamba!
  • {lam} — Lamba. NOT Lahnda!
  • {lo} — Lao, aka Laotian.
  • {la} — Latin — historical. NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino! 🏛️
  • {lv} — Latvian, aka Lettish.
  • {lb} — Letzeburgesch, aka Luxemburgian, aka Luxemburger — formerly i-lux.
  • {lez} — Lezghian.
  • {li} — Limburgish, aka Limburger, aka Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch!
  • {ln} — Lingala.
  • {lt} — Lithuanian.
  • {nds} — Low German, aka Low Saxon. aka Low German. aka Low Saxon.
  • {art-lojban} — Lojban — artificial.
  • {loz} — Lozi.
  • {lu} — Luba-Katanga — formerly lub.
  • {lua} — Luba-Lulua.
  • {lui} — Luiseno, aka Luiseño.
  • {lun} — Lunda.
  • {luo} — Luo (Kenya and Tanzania).
  • {lus} — Lushai.
  • {mk} — Macedonian, aka the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!
  • {mad} — Madurese.
  • {mag} — Magahi.
  • {mai} — Maithili.
  • {mak} — Makasar.
  • {mg} — Malagasy.
  • {ms} — Malay. NOT Malayalam!
  • {ml} — Malayalam. NOT Malay!
  • {mt} — Maltese.
  • {mnc} — Manchu.
  • {mdr} — Mandar. NOT Mandarin!
  • {man} — Mandingo.
  • {mni} — Manipuri, aka Meithei.
  • [{mno} : Manobo languages]
  • {gv} — Manx.
  • {mi} — Maori. NOT Mari!
  • {mr} — Marathi.
  • {chm} — Mari. NOT Maori!
  • {mh} — Marshall, aka Marshallese.
  • {mwr} — Marwari.
  • {mas} — Masai.
  • [{myn} : Mayan languages]
  • {men} — Mende.
  • {mic} — Micmac.
  • {min} — Minangkabau.
  • {i-mingo} — Mingo, aka the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca!
  • [{mis} : Miscellaneous languages] — Don't use this. 🚫
  • {moh} — Mohawk.
  • {mdf} — Moksha.
  • {mo} — Moldavian, aka Moldovan.
  • [{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]
  • {lol} — Mongo.
  • {mn} — Mongolian, aka Mongol.
  • {mos} — Mossi.
  • [{mul} : Multiple languages] — Not for normal use.
  • [{mun} : Munda languages]
  • {nah} — Nahuatl.
  • {nap} — Neapolitan.
  • {na} — Nauru.
  • {nv} — Navajo, aka Navaho — formerly i-navajo.
  • {nd} — North Ndebele.
  • {nr} — South Ndebele.
  • {ng} — Ndonga.
  • {ne} — Nepali, aka Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.
  • {new} — Newari.
  • {nia} — Nias.
  • [{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]
  • [{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]
  • {niu} — Niuean.
  • {nog} — Nogai.
  • {non} — Old Norse — historical 🕰️.
  • [{nai} : North American Indian] — Do not use this. 🛑
  • {no} — Norwegian. Note the two following forms:
    • {nb} — Norwegian Bokmal, aka Bokmål, (A form of Norwegian.) — formerly no-bok.
    • {nn} — Norwegian Nynorsk (A form of Norwegian.) — formerly no-nyn.
  • [{nub} : Nubian languages]
  • {nym} — Nyamwezi.
  • {nyn} — Nyankole.
  • {nyo} — Nyoro.
  • {nzi} — Nzima.
  • {oc} — Occitan (post 1500), aka Provençal, aka Provencal.
  • {oj} — Ojibwa, aka Ojibwe — formerly oji.
  • {or} — Oriya.
  • {om} — Oromo.
  • {osa} — Osage.
  • {os} — Ossetian; Ossetic.
  • [{oto} : Otomian languages] — group of languages collectively called "Otomí".
  • {pal} — Pahlavi, aka Pahlevi.
  • {i-pwn} — Paiwan, aka Pariwan.
  • {pau} — Palauan.
  • {pi} — Pali — historical? 🤔
  • {pam} — Pampanga.
  • {pag} — Pangasinan.
  • {pa} — Panjabi, aka Punjabi.
  • {pap} — Papiamento, aka Papiamentu.
  • [{paa} : Papuan (Other)]
  • {fa} — Persian, aka Farsi. aka Iranian.
  • {peo} — Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.).
  • [{phi} : Philippine (Other)]
  • {phn} — Phoenician — historical 🕰️.
  • {pon} — Pohnpeian. NOT Pompeiian!
  • {pl} — Polish.
  • {pt} — Portuguese, aka Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.
  • [{pra} : Prakrit languages]
  • {pro} — Old Provencal (to 1500), aka Old Provençal — historical.
  • {ps} — Pushto, aka Pashto. aka Pushtu.
  • {qu} — Quechua, aka Quecha.
  • {rm} — Raeto-Romance, aka Romansh.
  • {raj} — Rajasthani.
  • {rap} — Rapanui.
  • {rar} — Rarotongan.
  • [{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]
  • [{roa} : Romance (Other)] — NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!
  • {ro} — Romanian, aka Rumanian. NOT Romany!
  • {rom} — Romany, aka Rom. NOT Romanian!
  • {rn} — Rundi.
  • {ru} — Russian. NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!
  • [{sal} : Salishan languages] — large language group.
  • {sam} — Samaritan Aramaic. NOT Aramaic!
  • {se} — Northern Sami, aka Lappish. aka Lapp. aka (Northern) Saami.
  • {sma} — Southern Sami.
  • {smn} — Inari Sami.
  • {smj} — Lule Sami.
  • {sms} — Skolt Sami.
  • [{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]
  • {sm} — Samoan.
  • {sad} — Sandawe.
  • {sg} — Sango.
  • {sa} — Sanskrit — historical 🕰️.
  • {sat} — Santali.
  • {sc} — Sardinian, aka Sard.
  • {sas} — Sasak.
  • {sco} — Scots. NOT Scots Gaelic!
  • {sel} — Selkup.
  • [{sem} : Semitic (Other)]
  • {sr} — Serbian, aka Serb. NOT Sorbian. Notable forms: {sr-cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-latn} : Serbian in Latin script.
  • {srr} — Serer.
  • {shn} — Shan.
  • {sn} — Shona.
  • {sid} — Sidamo.
  • {sgn-...} — Sign Languages. Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL). (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.) 🤟
  • {bla} — Siksika, aka Blackfoot. aka Pikanii.
  • {sd} — Sindhi.
  • {si} — Sinhalese, aka Sinhala.
  • [{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]
  • [{sio} : Siouan languages]
  • {den} — Slave (Athapascan). ("Slavey" is a subform.)
  • [{sla} : Slavic (Other)]
  • {sk} — Slovak, aka Slovakian.
  • {sl} — Slovenian, aka Slovene.
  • {sog} — Sogdian.
  • {so} — Somali.
  • {son} — Songhai.
  • {snk} — Soninke.
  • {wen} — Sorbian languages, aka Wendish. aka Sorb. aka Lusatian. aka Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian!
  • {nso} — Northern Sotho.
  • {st} — Southern Sotho, aka Sutu. aka Sesotho.
  • [{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]
  • {es} — Spanish. Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish. 🇪🇸
  • {suk} — Sukuma.
  • {sux} — Sumerian — historical 🕰️.
  • {su} — Sundanese.
  • {sus} — Susu.
  • {sw} — Swahili, aka Kiswahili.
  • {ss} — Swati.
  • {sv} — Swedish. Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.
  • {syr} — Syriac.
  • {tl} — Tagalog.
  • {ty} — Tahitian.
  • [{tai} : Tai (Other)] — NOT Thai!
  • {tg} — Tajik.
  • {tmh} — Tamashek.
  • {ta} — Tamil.
  • {i-tao} — Tao, aka Yami.
  • {tt} — Tatar.
  • {i-tay} — Tayal, aka Atayal. aka Atayan.
  • {te} — Telugu.
  • {ter} — Tereno.
  • {tet} — Tetum.
  • {th} — Thai. NOT Tai! 🇹🇭
  • {bo} — Tibetan.
  • {tig} — Tigre.
  • {ti} — Tigrinya.
  • {tem} — Timne, aka Themne. aka Timene.

okay so the language-tag roll call keeps rolling, bestie — no skipping, no cap:

  • {tiv} — Tiv
  • {tli} — Tlingit
  • {tpi} — Tok Pisin
  • {tkl} — Tokelau
  • {tog} — Tonga (Nyasa). 🚨 NOT Tsonga!
  • {to} — Tonga (Tonga Islands). (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga".) 🚨 NOT Tsonga!
  • {tsi} — Tsimshian. eq Sm'algyax
  • {ts} — Tsonga. 🚨 NOT Tonga!
  • {i-tsu} — Tsou
  • {tn} — Tswana. Same as Setswana.
  • {tum} — Tumbuka
  • [{tup}] — Tupi languages
  • {tr} — Turkish. (Typically in Roman script.)
  • {ota} — Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928). (Typically in Arabic script.) (Historical.)
  • {crh} — Crimean Turkish. eq Crimean Tatar
  • {tk} — Turkmen. eq Turkmeni.
  • {tvl} — Tuvalu
  • {tyv} — Tuvinian. eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.
  • {tw} — Twi
  • {udm} — Udmurt
  • {uga} — Ugaritic. 🚨 NOT Ugric!
  • {ug} — Uighur
  • {uk} — Ukrainian
  • {umb} — Umbundu
  • {und} — Undetermined. Not a tag for normal use.
  • {ur} — Urdu
  • {uz} — Uzbek. eq Özbek. ✨ Notable forms: {uz-cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-latn} Uzbek in Latin script.
  • {vai} — Vai
  • {ve} — Venda. 🚨 NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly "ven".)
  • {vi} — Vietnamese. eq Viet.
  • {vo} — Volapuk. eq Volapük. (Artificial.)
  • {vot} — Votic. eq Votian. eq Vod.
  • [{wak}] — Wakashan languages
  • {wa} — Walloon
  • {wal} — Walamo. eq Wolaytta.
  • {war} — Waray. Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samareño), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.
  • {was} — Washo. eq Washoe
  • {cy} — Welsh
  • {wo} — Wolof
  • {x-...} — Unregistered (Semi-Private Use). The x- prefix is for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example: x-double-dutch
  • {xh} — Xhosa
  • {sah} — Yakut
  • {yao} — Yao. (The Yao in Malawi?)
  • {yap} — Yapese. eq Yap
  • {ii} — Sichuan Yi
  • {yi} — Yiddish. Formerly "ji". Usually in Hebrew script. ✨ Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script
  • {yo} — Yoruba
  • [{ypk}] — Yupik languages. Several "Eskimo" languages.
  • {znd} — Zande
  • [{zap}] — Zapotec. (A group of languages.)
  • {zen} — Zenaga. 🚨 NOT Zend.
  • {za} — Zhuang
  • {zu} — Zulu
  • {zun} — Zuni. eq Zuñi

🌈 SEE ALSO 🌈

I18N::LangTags and its "See Also" section.

Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.

You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.

This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.

Email any corrections or questions to me.

🫶 AUTHOR 🫶

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org

💅 and that’s a wrap on this I18N::L...s::List(3pm) page, bestie — source/version perl v5.42.3, dated 2026-11-03. Go forth and tag responsibly! 🫶✨

📦 where this page comes from