Capture::Tiny(3)

🌸 NAME

Okay so this is Capture::Tiny(3) — User Contributed Perl Documentation — and we're doing part 1, bestie. Capture::Tiny is the module that captures STDOUT and STDERR from Perl, XS or external programs. Periodt.

🎀 VERSION

version 0.50 — yes ma'am, 0.50 and thriving.

✨ SYNOPSIS

use Capture::Tiny ':all';

# capture from external command

($stdout, $stderr, $exit) = capture {
  system( $cmd, @args );
};

# capture from arbitrary code (Perl or external)

($stdout, $stderr, @result) = capture {
  # your code here
};

# capture partial or merged output

$stdout = capture_stdout { ... };
$stderr = capture_stderr { ... };
$merged = capture_merged { ... };

# tee output

($stdout, $stderr) = tee {
  # your code here
};

$stdout = tee_stdout { ... };
$stderr = tee_stderr { ... };
$merged = tee_merged { ... };

🦋 DESCRIPTION

Capture::Tiny gives you a simple, portable way to capture almost anything sent to STDOUT or STDERR, no matter whether it's coming from Perl, from XS code, or from an external program. Optionally, output can be teed so it gets captured while also being passed through to the original filehandles. Yes, it even works on Windows (usually). Stop guessing which of a dozen capturing modules to use in any particular situation and just use this one. iykyk 💅

🎀 USAGE

The following functions are available. None are exported by default — you gotta ask for them, bestie.

💖 capture

($stdout, $stderr, @result) = capture \&code;
$stdout = capture \&code;

The capture function takes a code reference and returns what is sent to STDOUT and STDERR as well as any return values from the code reference. In scalar context, it returns only STDOUT. If no output was received for a filehandle, it returns an empty string for that filehandle. Regardless of calling context, all output is captured — nothing is passed to the existing filehandles.

It is prototyped to take a subroutine reference as an argument. Thus, it can be called in block form:

($stdout, $stderr) = capture {
  # your code here ...
};

Note that the coderef is evaluated in list context. If you wish to force scalar context on the return value, you must use the scalar keyword.

($stdout, $stderr, $count) = capture {
  my @list = qw/one two three/;
  return scalar @list; # $count will be 3
};

Also note that within the coderef, the @_ variable will be empty. So don't use arguments from a surrounding subroutine without copying them to an array first:

sub wont_work {
  my ($stdout, $stderr) = capture { do_stuff( @_ ) };    # WRONG
  ...
}

sub will_work {
  my @args = @_;
  my ($stdout, $stderr) = capture { do_stuff( @args ) }; # RIGHT
  ...
}

Captures are normally done to an anonymous temporary filehandle. To capture via a named file (e.g. to externally monitor a long-running capture), provide custom filehandles as a trailing list of option pairs:

my $out_fh = IO::File->new("out.txt", "w+");
my $err_fh = IO::File->new("err.txt", "w+");
capture { ... } stdout => $out_fh, stderr => $err_fh;

The filehandles must be read/write and seekable. Modifying the files or filehandles during a capture operation will give unpredictable results. Existing IO layers on them may be changed by the capture.

When called in void context, capture saves memory and time by not reading back from the capture handles.

💖 capture_stdout

($stdout, @result) = capture_stdout \&code;
$stdout = capture_stdout \&code;

The capture_stdout function works just like capture except only STDOUT is captured. STDERR is not captured.

💖 capture_stderr

($stderr, @result) = capture_stderr \&code;
$stderr = capture_stderr \&code;

The capture_stderr function works just like capture except only STDERR is captured. STDOUT is not captured.

💖 capture_merged

($merged, @result) = capture_merged \&code;
$merged = capture_merged \&code;

The capture_merged function works just like capture except STDOUT and STDERR are merged. (Technically, STDERR is redirected to the same capturing handle as STDOUT before executing the function.)

Caution: STDOUT and STDERR output in the merged result are not guaranteed to be properly ordered due to buffering.

💖 tee

($stdout, $stderr, @result) = tee \&code;
$stdout = tee \&code;

The tee function works just like capture, except that output is captured as well as passed on to the original STDOUT and STDERR.

When called in void context, tee saves memory and time by not reading back from the capture handles, except when the original STDOUT or STDERR were tied or opened to a scalar handle.

💖 tee_stdout

($stdout, @result) = tee_stdout \&code;
$stdout = tee_stdout \&code;

The tee_stdout function works just like tee except only STDOUT is teed. STDERR is not teed (output goes to STDERR as usual).

💖 tee_stderr

($stderr, @result) = tee_stderr \&code;
$stderr = tee_stderr \&code;

The tee_stderr function works just like tee except only STDERR is teed. STDOUT is not teed (output goes to STDOUT as usual).

💖 tee_merged

($merged, @result) = tee_merged \&code;
$merged = tee_merged \&code;

The tee_merged function works just like capture_merged except that output is captured as well as passed on to STDOUT.

Caution: STDOUT and STDERR output in the merged result are not guaranteed to be properly ordered due to buffering.

💀 LIMITATIONS

🌈 Portability

Portability is a goal, not a guarantee. tee requires fork, except on Windows where system(1, @cmd) is used instead. Not tested on any particularly esoteric platforms yet. See the CPAN Testers Matrix at http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=Capture-Tiny for test result by platform.

🦋 PerlIO layers

Capture::Tiny does its best to preserve PerlIO layers such as ':utf8' or ':crlf' when capturing (only for Perl 5.8.1+). Layers should be applied to STDOUT or STDERR before the call to capture or tee. This may not work for tied filehandles (see below).

🌸 Modifying filehandles before capturing

Generally speaking, you should do little or no manipulation of the standard IO filehandles prior to using Capture::Tiny. In particular, closing, reopening, localizing or tying standard filehandles prior to capture may cause a variety of unexpected, undesirable and/or unreliable behaviors, as described below. Capture::Tiny does its best to compensate for these situations, but the results may not be what you desire.

🔒 Closed filehandles

Capture::Tiny will work even if STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR have been previously closed. However, since they will be reopened to capture or tee output, any code within the captured block that depends on finding them closed will, of course, not find them to be closed. If they started closed, Capture::Tiny will close them again when the capture block finishes.

Note that this reopening will happen even for STDIN or a filehandle not being captured to ensure that the filehandle used for capture is not opened to file descriptor 0, as this causes problems on various platforms.

Prior to Perl 5.12, closed STDIN combined with PERL_UNICODE=D leaks filehandles and also breaks tee() for undiagnosed reasons. So don't do that.

🫧 Localized filehandles

If code localizes any of Perl's standard filehandles before capturing, the capture will affect the localized filehandles and not the original ones. External system calls are not affected by localizing a filehandle in Perl and will continue to send output to the original filehandles (which will thus not be captured).

🍓 Scalar filehandles

If STDOUT or STDERR are reopened to scalar filehandles prior to the call to capture or tee, then Capture::Tiny will override the output filehandle for the duration of the capture or tee call and then, for tee, send captured output to the output filehandle after the capture is complete. (Requires Perl 5.8)

Capture::Tiny attempts to preserve the semantics of STDIN opened to a scalar reference, but note that external processes will not be able to read from such a handle. Capture::Tiny tries to ensure that external processes will read from the null device instead, but this is not guaranteed.

🎀 Tied output filehandles

If STDOUT or STDERR are tied prior to the call to capture or tee, then Capture::Tiny will attempt to override the tie for the duration of the capture or tee call and then send captured output to the tied filehandle after the capture is complete. (Requires Perl 5.8)

Capture::Tiny may not succeed resending UTF-8 encoded data to a tied STDOUT or STDERR filehandle. Characters may appear as bytes. If the tied filehandle is based on Tie::StdHandle, then Capture::Tiny will attempt to determine appropriate layers like ":utf8" from the underlying filehandle and do the right thing.

🧚 Tied input filehandle

Capture::Tiny attempts to preserve the semantics of tied STDIN, but this requires Perl 5.8 and is not entirely predictable. External processes will not be able to read from such a handle.

Unless having STDIN tied is crucial, it may be safest to localize STDIN when capturing:

my ($out, $err) = do { local *STDIN; capture { ... } };

💀 Modifying filehandles during a capture

Attempting to modify STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR during capture or tee is almost certainly going to cause problems.

Don't do that.

🌪️ Forking inside a capture

Forks aren't portable. The behavior of filehandles during a fork is even less so. If Capture::Tiny detects that a fork has occurred within a capture, it will shortcut in the child process and return empty strings for captures. Other problems may occur in the child or parent, as well. Forking in a capture block is not recommended.

🧵 Using threads

Filehandles are global. Mixing up I/O and captures in different threads without coordination is going to cause problems. Besides, threads are officially discouraged.

👑 Dropping privileges during a capture

If you drop privileges during a capture, temporary files created to facilitate the capture may not be cleaned up afterwards.

😭 No support for Perl 5.8.0

It's just too buggy when it comes to layers and UTF-8. Perl 5.8.1 or later is recommended.

🌱 Limited support for Perl 5.6

Perl 5.6 predates PerlIO. UTF-8 data may not be captured correctly.

🌸 ENVIRONMENT 🌸

💅 PERL_CAPTURE_TINY_TIMEOUT

okay so listen — Capture::Tiny uses subprocesses internally for tee, and by default it will timeout with an error if those subprocesses aren't ready to receive data within 30 seconds (or whatever the value of $Capture::Tiny::TIMEOUT happens to be). bestie, that's the vibe check it runs on its own children 🫶

wanna change that? just set the PERL_CAPTURE_TINY_TIMEOUT environment variable to an alternate timeout. and if you set it to zero, timeouts are disabled entirely — no cap ✨

⚠️ okay but for real, NOTE: this does not timeout the code reference being captured. this only stops Capture::Tiny itself from hanging your whole process while it waits for its child processes to be ready to proceed. literally just a self-preservation thing, nothing more 💀

---

👑 SEE ALSO 👑

this module was inspired by IO::CaptureOutput, which gives you similar functionality without the ability to tee output, and with way more complicated code and API. IO::CaptureOutput doesn't handle layers or most of the unusual cases described in the LIMITATIONS section, and the author no longer recommends it. periodt. 💅

there are so many other CPAN modules that provide some sort of output capture, ngl — albeit with various limitations that make them appropriate only in particular circumstances. the author is probably missing some. the long list is provided to show why Capture::Tiny was necessary in the first place 🧚

• IO::Capture
• IO::Capture::Extended
• IO::CaptureOutput
• IPC::Capture
• IPC::Cmd
• IPC::Open2
• IPC::Open3
• IPC::Open3::Simple
• IPC::Open3::Utils
• IPC::Run
• IPC::Run::SafeHandles
• IPC::Run::Simple
• IPC::Run3
• IPC::System::Simple
• Tee
• IO::Tee
• File::Tee
• Filter::Handle
• Tie::STDERR
• Tie::STDOUT
• Test::Output

---

🦋 SUPPORT 🦋

🐛 Bugs / Feature Requests

got a bug? got a feature request? please report them through the issue tracker at <https://github.com/dagolden/Capture-Tiny/issues>. you'll be notified automatically of any progress on your issue — we love a transparent queen 👑

⭐ Source Code

this is open source software, bestie. the code repository is available for public review and contribution under the terms of the license.

<https://github.com/dagolden/Capture-Tiny>

git clone https://github.com/dagolden/Capture-Tiny.git

literally go clone it, it's giving main character energy 🌈

---

🎀 AUTHOR 🎀

David Golden <dagolden@cpan.org>

💖 CONTRIBUTORS 💖

• Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>
• David E. Wheeler <david@justatheory.com>
• Ed Sabol <esabol@users.noreply.github.com>
• fecundf <not.com+github@gmail.com>
• Graham Knop <haarg@haarg.org>
• Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
• Mohammad S Anwar <mohammad.anwar@yahoo.com>
• Peter Rabbitson <ribasushi@cpan.org>
• Sven Kirmess <sven.kirmess@kzone.ch>

look at this roster, absolute icons the lot of them 👑✨

---

🔥 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE 🔥

This software is Copyright (c) 2009 by David Golden.

This is free software, licensed under:

The Apache License, Version 2.0, January 2004

---

okay that's the whole page bestie, you're officially a Capture::Tiny scholar now 💅🎓 — this was page Capture::Tiny(3) from perl v5.42.0, dated 2024-12-20. go forth and capture some output, slay 🦋💜