Storable(3perl)

📦
version 5.44.0 · 14 versions
, in arch rolling

💖 NAME 💖

Storable — persistence for Perl data structures

(yeah bestie, this is Storable(3perl) from the Perl Programmers Reference Guide, and it's about to change your whole data-storage life 💅)

✨ SYNOPSIS ✨

    use Storable;
    store \%table, 'file';
    $hashref = retrieve('file');

    use Storable qw(nstore store_fd nstore_fd freeze thaw dclone);

    # Network order
    nstore \%table, 'file';
    $hashref = retrieve('file');        # There is NO nretrieve()

    # Storing to and retrieving from an already opened file
    store_fd \@array, \*STDOUT;
    nstore_fd \%table, \*STDOUT;
    $aryref = fd_retrieve(\*SOCKET);
    $hashref = fd_retrieve(\*SOCKET);

    # Serializing to memory
    $serialized = freeze \%table;
    %table_clone = %{ thaw($serialized) };

    # Deep (recursive) cloning
    $cloneref = dclone($ref);

    # Advisory locking
    use Storable qw(lock_store lock_nstore lock_retrieve)
    lock_store \%table, 'file';
    lock_nstore \%table, 'file';
    $hashref = lock_retrieve('file');

🌸 DESCRIPTION 🌸

okay so the Storable package literally brings persistence to your Perl data structures — SCALAR, ARRAY, HASH or REF objects, basically anything that can be conveniently stored to disk and retrieved at a later time. iconic behavior honestly.

You can use it in the regular procedural way by calling store with a reference to the object you wanna store, plus the file name where the image should be written. 🫶

The routine returns undef for I/O problems or other internal error, and a true value otherwise. Serious errors get propagated as a die exception. (so like, it will tell you when something's wrong, no ghosting)

To retrieve data stored to disk, use retrieve with a file name. The objects stored into that file get recreated into memory for you, and a reference to the root object is returned. In case an I/O error occurs while reading, undef is returned instead. Other serious errors are propagated via die. 💀

Since storage is performed recursively, you might wanna stuff references to objects that share a lot of common data into a single array or hash table, and then store that object. That way, when you retrieve back the whole thing, the objects will continue to share what they originally shared. bestie behavior fr fr ✨

At the cost of a slight header overhead, you may store to an already opened file descriptor using the store_fd routine, and retrieve from a file via fd_retrieve. Those names aren't imported by default, so you will have to do that explicitly if you need those routines. The file descriptor you supply must be already opened — for read if you're going to retrieve and for write if you wish to store. 👑

    store_fd(\%table, *STDOUT) || die "can't store to stdout\n";
    $hashref = fd_retrieve(*STDIN);

You can also store data in network order to allow easy sharing across multiple platforms, or when storing on a socket known to be remotely connected. The routines to call have an initial n prefix for network, as in nstore and nstore_fd. At retrieval time, your data will be correctly restored so you don't have to know whether you're restoring from native or network ordered data. Double values are stored stringified to ensure portability as well, at the slight risk of loosing some precision in the last decimals. (yes, that trade-off is real, no cap)

When using fd_retrieve, objects are retrieved in sequence, one object (i.e. one recursive tree) per associated store_fd.

If you're more from the object-oriented camp, you can inherit from Storable and directly store your objects by invoking store as a method. The fact that the root of the to-be-stored tree is a blessed reference (i.e. an object) is special-cased so that the retrieve does not provide a reference to that object but rather the blessed object reference itself. (Otherwise, you'd get a reference to that blessed object). 🙈

🧊 MEMORY STORE 🧊

The Storable engine can also store data into a Perl scalar instead, to later retrieve them. This is mainly used to freeze a complex structure in some safe compact memory place (where it can possibly be sent to another process via some IPC, since freezing the structure also serializes it in effect). Later on, and maybe somewhere else, you can thaw the Perl scalar out and recreate the original complex structure in memory. 💜

Surprisingly, the routines to be called are named freeze and thaw. (not me expecting something cooler, but okay) If you wish to send out the frozen scalar to another machine, use nfreeze instead to get a portable image.

Note that freezing an object structure and immediately thawing it actually achieves a deep cloning of that structure:

    dclone(.) = thaw(freeze(.))

Storable provides you with a dclone interface which does not create that intermediary scalar but instead freezes the structure in some internal memory space and then immediately thaws it out. slay. ✨

🔒 ADVISORY LOCKING 🔒

The lock_store and lock_nstore routine are equivalent to store and nstore, except that they get an exclusive lock on the file before writing. Likewise, lock_retrieve does the same as retrieve, but also gets a shared lock on the file before reading. 🫶

As with any advisory locking scheme, the protection only works if you systematically use lock_store and lock_retrieve. If one side of your application uses store whilst the other uses lock_retrieve, you will get no protection at all. like, zero. none. 💀

The internal advisory locking is implemented using Perl's flock() routine. If your system does not support any form of flock(), or if you share your files across NFS, you might wish to use other forms of locking by using modules such as LockFile::Simple which lock a file using a filesystem entry, instead of locking the file descriptor.

⚡ SPEED ⚡

The heart of Storable is written in C for decent speed. Extra low-level optimizations have been made when manipulating perl internals, to sacrifice encapsulation for the benefit of greater speed. it's giving fast and unbothered. 🔥

📏 CANONICAL REPRESENTATION 📏

Normally, Storable stores elements of hashes in the order they are stored internally by Perl, i.e. pseudo-randomly. If you set $Storable::canonical to some TRUE value, Storable will store hashes with the elements sorted by their key. This allows you to compare data structures by comparing their frozen representations (or even the compressed frozen representations), which can be useful for creating lookup tables for complicated queries. 🌈

Canonical order does not imply network order; those are two orthogonal settings. don't conflate them bestie. 🙅

🧬 CODE REFERENCES 🧬

Since Storable version 2.05, CODE references may be serialized with the help of B::Deparse. To enable this feature, set $Storable::Deparse to a true value. To enable deserialization, $Storable::Eval should be set to a true value. Be aware that deserialization is done through eval, which is dangerous if the Storable file contains malicious data. You can set $Storable::Eval to a subroutine reference which would be used instead of eval. See below for an example using a Safe compartment for deserialization of CODE references.

If $Storable::Deparse and/or $Storable::Eval are set to false values, then the value of $Storable::forgive_me (see below) is respected while serializing and deserializing.

⚠️ fr fr, eval on data you don't trust is a whole jumpscare. be careful out there. 💀

🚀 FORWARD COMPATIBILITY 🚀

This release of Storable can be used on a newer version of Perl to serialize data which is not supported by earlier Perls. By default, Storable will attempt to do the right thing, by croak()ing if it encounters data that it cannot deserialize. However, the defaults can be changed as follows:

🌸 utf8 data 🌸

Perl 5.6 added support for Unicode characters with code points > 255, and Perl 5.8 has full support for Unicode characters in hash keys. Perl internally encodes strings with these characters using utf8, and Storable serializes them as utf8. By default, if an older version of Perl encounters a utf8 value it cannot represent, it will croak(). To change this behaviour so that Storable deserializes utf8 encoded values as the string of bytes (effectively dropping the is_utf8 flag) set $Storable::drop_utf8 to some TRUE value. This is a form of data loss, because with $drop_utf8 true, it becomes impossible to tell whether the original data was the Unicode string, or a series of bytes that happen to be valid utf8.

🌸 restricted hashes 🌸

Perl 5.8 adds support for restricted hashes, which have keys restricted to a given set, and can have values locked to be read only. By default, when Storable encounters a restricted hash on a perl that doesn't support them, it will deserialize it as a normal hash, silently discarding any placeholder keys and leaving the keys and all values unlocked. To make Storable croak() instead, set $Storable::downgrade_restricted to a FALSE value. To restore the default set it back to some TRUE value.

The cperl PERL_PERTURB_KEYS_TOP hash strategy has a known problem with restricted hashes. (known issue, iykyk)

🌸 huge objects 🌸

On 64bit systems some data structures may exceed the 2G (i.e. I32_MAX) limit. On 32bit systems also strings between I32 and U32 (2G-4G). Since Storable 3.00 (not in perl5 core) we are able to store and retrieve these objects, even if perl5 itself is not able to handle them. These are strings longer then 4G, arrays with more then 2G elements and hashes with more then 2G elements. cperl forbids hashes with more than 2G elements, but this fail in cperl then. perl5 itself at least until 5.26 allows it, but cannot iterate over them. Note that creating those objects might cause out of memory exceptions by the operating system before perl has a chance to abort. 😭

🌸 files from future versions of Storable 🌸

Earlier versions of Storable would immediately croak if they encountered a file with a higher internal version number than the reading Storable knew about. Internal version numbers are increased each time new data types (such as restricted hashes) are added to the vocabulary of the file format. This meant that a newer Storable module had no way of writing a file readable by an older Storable, even if the writer didn't store newer data types.

This version of Storable will defer croaking until it encounters a data type in the file that it does not recognize. This means that it will continue to read files generated by newer Storable modules which are careful in what they write out, making it easier to upgrade Storable modules in a mixed environment. ✨

The old behaviour of immediate croaking can be re-instated by setting $Storable::accept_future_minor to some FALSE value.

All these variables have no effect on a newer Perl which supports the relevant feature.

(and bestie, we're not done yet — more parts are coming 💅)

💥 ERROR REPORTING 💥

okay bestie, buckle up, because this is the part where Storable is dramatic (affectionately). Storable uses the "exception" paradigm, meaning it does not try to workaround failures at all. If something bad happens, an exception is generated from the caller's perspective (peep Carp and croak()). So wrap stuff in eval {} to trap those exceptions. 🪤✨

When Storable croaks, it tries to report the error via the logcroak() routine from the "Log::Agent" package, if that's available. iykyk. 🫶

Normal errors are reported by having store() or retrieve() return "undef". Those errors are usually I/O errors (or truncated stream errors at retrieval time). lowkey the usual suspects. 💀

When Storable throws the "Max. recursion depth with nested structures exceeded" error we are already out of stack space. 😭 Unfortunately on some earlier perl versions cleaning up a recursive data structure recurses into the free calls, which will lead to stack overflows in the cleanup. This data structure is not properly cleaned up then, it will only be destroyed during global destruction. so like... it's giving haunted house, it lingers 👻

🧙♀️ WIZARDS ONLY 🧙♀️

🪝 Hooks 🪝

Any class may define hooks that will be called during the serialization and deserialization process on objects that are instances of that class. Those hooks can redefine the way serialization is performed (and therefore, how the symmetrical deserialization should be conducted). main character behaviour, honestly. 👑

Since we said earlier:

dclone(.) = thaw(freeze(.))

everything we say about hooks should also hold for deep cloning. However, hooks get to know whether the operation is a mere serialization, or a cloning.

Therefore, when serializing hooks are involved,

dclone(.) <> thaw(freeze(.))

Well, you could keep them in sync, but there's no guarantee it will always hold on classes somebody else wrote. Besides, there is little to gain in doing so: a serializing hook could keep only one attribute of an object, which is probably not what should happen during a deep cloning of that same object. not the vibe we want tbh. 🙈

Here is the hooking interface:

  • "STORABLE_freeze" obj, cloning — the serializing hook, called on the object during serialization. It can be inherited, or defined in the class itself, like any other method.
    • Arguments: obj is the object to serialize, cloning is a flag indicating whether we're in a dclone() or a regular serialization via store() or freeze().
    • Returned value: a LIST ($serialized, $ref1, $ref2, ...) where $serialized is the serialized form to be used, and the optional $ref1, $ref2, etc... are extra references that you wish to let the Storable engine serialize.
    • At deserialization time, you will be given back the same LIST, but all the extra references will be pointing into the deserialized structure.
    • The first time the hook is hit in a serialization flow, you may have it return an empty list. That will signal the Storable engine to further discard that hook for this class and to therefore revert to the default serialization of the underlying Perl data. The hook will again be normally processed in the next serialization. ✨
    • Unless you know better, serializing hook should always say:
sub STORABLE_freeze {
    my ($self, $cloning) = @_;
    return if $cloning;         # Regular default serialization
    ....
}

in order to keep reasonable dclone() semantics.

  • "STORABLE_thaw" obj, cloning, serialized, ... — the deserializing hook called on the object during deserialization. But wait: if we're deserializing, there's no object yet... right? 🤔
    • Wrong: the Storable engine creates an empty one for you. If you know Eiffel, you can view "STORABLE_thaw" as an alternate creation routine. iconic.
    • This means the hook can be inherited like any other method, and that obj is your blessed reference for this particular instance.
    • The other arguments should look familiar if you know "STORABLE_freeze": cloning is true when we're part of a deep clone operation, serialized is the serialized string you returned to the engine in "STORABLE_freeze", and there may be an optional list of references, in the same order you gave them at serialization time, pointing to the deserialized objects (which have been processed courtesy of the Storable engine).
    • When the Storable engine does not find any "STORABLE_thaw" hook routine, it tries to load the class by requiring the package dynamically (using the blessed package name), and then re-attempts the lookup. If at that time the hook cannot be located, the engine croaks. Note that this mechanism will fail if you define several classes in the same file, but perlmod warned you. 📢
    • It is up to you to use this information to populate obj the way you want.
    • Returned value: none.
  • "STORABLE_attach" class, cloning, serialized — while "STORABLE_freeze" and "STORABLE_thaw" are useful for classes where each instance is independent, this mechanism has difficulty (or is incompatible) with objects that exist as common process-level or system-level resources, such as singleton objects, database pools, caches or memoized objects.
    • The alternative "STORABLE_attach" method provides a solution for these shared objects. Instead of "STORABLE_freeze" --> "STORABLE_thaw", you implement "STORABLE_freeze" --> "STORABLE_attach" instead. 🦋
    • Arguments: class is the class we are attaching to, cloning is a flag indicating whether we're in a dclone() or a regular de-serialization via thaw(), and serialized is the stored string for the resource object.
    • Because these resource objects are considered to be owned by the entire process/system, and not the "property" of whatever is being serialized, no references underneath the object should be included in the serialized string. Thus, in any class that implements "STORABLE_attach", the "STORABLE_freeze" method cannot return any references, and "Storable" will throw an error if "STORABLE_freeze" tries to return references. no cap, it will absolutely yell at you. 😤
    • All information required to "attach" back to the shared resource object must be contained only in the "STORABLE_freeze" return string. Otherwise, "STORABLE_freeze" behaves as normal for "STORABLE_attach" classes.
    • Because "STORABLE_attach" is passed the class (rather than an object), it also returns the object directly, rather than modifying the passed object.
    • Returned value: object of type "class"

🔮 Predicates 🔮

Predicates are not exportable. They must be called by explicitly prefixing them with the Storable package name. so like, full name or nothing bestie 💅

  • "Storable::last_op_in_netorder" — the Storable::last_op_in_netorder() predicate will tell you whether network order was used in the last store or retrieve operation. If you don't know how to use this, just forget about it. fr fr, it's not that deep. 🙈
  • "Storable::is_storing" — Returns true if within a store operation (via STORABLE_freeze hook).
  • "Storable::is_retrieving" — Returns true if within a retrieve operation (via STORABLE_thaw hook).

🌀 Recursion 🌀

With hooks comes the ability to recurse back to the Storable engine. Indeed, hooks are regular Perl code, and Storable is convenient when it comes to serializing and deserializing things, so why not use it to handle the serialization string? slay, right?? ✨

There are a few things you need to know, however:

  • From Storable 3.05 to 3.13 we probed for the stack recursion limit for references, arrays and hashes to a maximal depth of ~1200-35000, otherwise we might fall into a stack-overflow. On JSON::XS this limit is 512 btw. With references not immediately referencing each other there's no such limit yet, so you might fall into such a stack-overflow segfault. ⚠️

This probing and the checks we performed have some limitations:

  • the stack size at build time might be different at run time, eg. the stack size may have been modified with ulimit(1). If it's larger at run time Storable may fail the freeze() or thaw() unnecessarily. If it's larger at build time Storable may segmentation fault when processing a deep structure at run time. 💀
  • the stack size might be different in a thread.
  • array and hash recursion limits are checked separately against the same recursion depth, a frozen structure with a large sequence of nested arrays within many nested hashes may exhaust the processor stack without triggering Storable's recursion protection.

So these now have simple defaults rather than probing at build-time.

You can control the maximum array and hash recursion depths by modifying $Storable::recursion_limit and $Storable::recursion_limit_hash respectively. Either can be set to -1 to prevent any depth checks, though this isn't recommended. seriously, don't 🙅♀️

If you want to test what the limits are, the stacksize tool is included in the "Storable" distribution.

  • You can create endless loops if the things you serialize via freeze() (for instance) point back to the object we're trying to serialize in the hook. 🔁
  • Shared references among objects will not stay shared: if we're serializing the list of object [A, C] where both object A and C refer to the SAME object B, and if there is a serializing hook in A that says freeze(B), then when deserializing, we'll get [A', C'] where A' refers to B', but C' refers to D, a deep clone of B'. The topology was not preserved. 😭 the friendship group got split up smh
  • The maximal stack recursion limit for your system is returned by stack_depth() and stack_depth_hash(). The hash limit is usually half the size of the array and ref limit, as the Perl hash API is not optimal.
That's why "STORABLE_freeze" lets you provide a list of references to serialize. The engine guarantees that those will be serialized in the same context as the other objects, and therefore that shared objects will stay shared. 🫶

In the above [A, C] example, the "STORABLE_freeze" hook could return:

("something", $self->{B})

and the B part would be serialized by the engine. In "STORABLE_thaw", you would get back the reference to the B' object, deserialized for you. ✨

Therefore, recursion should normally be avoided, but is nonetheless supported.

🧬 Deep Cloning 🧬

There is a Clone module available on CPAN which implements deep cloning natively, i.e. without freezing to memory and thawing the result. It is aimed to replace Storable's dclone() some day. However, it does not currently support Storable hooks to redefine the way deep cloning is performed. someday bestie... someday 🌸

✨ Storable magic ✨

Ok bestie this part is SO fun — yes there's a lot of magic going on here 💅 but like, more precisely: on UNIX systems there's this iconic little utility called file that recognizes data files by peeking at their contents (usually just the first few bytes, nosy much 🙈). For that to work, a certain file called magic needs to be taught about the signature of the data. Where that config file lives is fully dependent on your UNIX flavour — often it's something like /usr/share/misc/magic or /etc/magic 🗂️. Your system administrator is the one who has to do the updating of the magic file, not you, sorry 🫶. The necessary signature information gets output to STDOUT when you invoke Storable::show_file_magic(). Also!! Note that the GNU implementation of the file utility, version 3.38 or later, is expected to already contain support for recognising Storable files out-of-the-box 🎁, on top of other kinds of Perl files.

You can also use the following functions to extract the file header information from Storable images 👇

🕵️ $info = Storable::file_magic( $filename )

If the given file is a Storable image, it returns a hash describing it 💖. If the file is readable but not a Storable image, it returns "undef" 😶. If the file does not exist or is unreadable, then it croaks 🐸.

The hash returned has the following elements:

🔢 "version"

This returns the file format version. It is a string like "2.7".

Note that this version number is not the same as the version number of the Storable module itself, ok don't get it twisted. For instance Storable v0.7 create files in format v2.0 and Storable v2.15 create files in format v2.7. The file format version number only increments when additional features get added that would confuse older versions of the module 👵💀.

Files older than v2.0 will have one of the version numbers "-1", "0" or "1". No minor number was used at that time, vintage era fr.

🔢 "version_nv"

This returns the file format version as a number. It is a string like "2.007". This value is suitable for numeric comparisons 🧮.

The constant function Storable::BIN_VERSION_NV returns a comparable number that represents the highest file version number that this version of Storable fully supports (but see discussion of $Storable::accept_future_minor above 👀). The constant Storable::BIN_WRITE_VERSION_NV function returns what file version is written and might be less than Storable::BIN_VERSION_NV in some configurations.

🔢 "major", "minor"

This also returns the file format version. If the version is "2.7" then major would be 2 and minor would be 7. The minor element is missing for when major is less than 2.

📏 "hdrsize"

The is the number of bytes that the Storable header occupies.

🌐 "netorder"

This is TRUE if the image store data in network order. This means that it was created with nstore() or similar.

🌐 "byteorder"

This is only present when "netorder" is FALSE. It is the $Config{byteorder} string of the perl that created this image. It is a string like "1234" (32 bit little endian) or "87654321" (64 bit big endian). This must match the current perl for the image to be readable by Storable 🚨.

📐 "intsize", "longsize", "ptrsize", "nvsize"

These are only present when "netorder" is FALSE. These are the sizes of various C datatypes of the perl that created this image. These must match the current perl for the image to be readable by Storable 🚨.

The "nvsize" element is only present for file format v2.2 and higher.

📄 "file"

The name of the file.

🔍 $info = Storable::read_magic( $buffer )

🔍 $info = Storable::read_magic( $buffer, $must_be_file )

The $buffer should be a Storable image or the first few bytes of it. If $buffer starts with a Storable header, then a hash describing the image is returned, otherwise "undef" is returned 😶.

The hash has the same structure as the one returned by Storable::file_magic(). The "file" element is true if the image is a file image.

If the $must_be_file argument is provided and is TRUE, then return "undef" unless the image looks like it belongs to a file dump.

The maximum size of a Storable header is currently 21 bytes. If the provided $buffer is only the first part of a Storable image it should at least be this long to ensure that read_magic() will recognize it as such 📌.

🌸 EXAMPLES 🌸

Here are some code samples showing a possible usage of Storable 🎀:

use Storable qw(store retrieve freeze thaw dclone);

%color = ('Blue' => 0.1, 'Red' => 0.8, 'Black' => 0, 'White' => 1);

store(\%color, 'mycolors') or die "Can't store %a in mycolors!\n";

$colref = retrieve('mycolors');
die "Unable to retrieve from mycolors!\n" unless defined $colref;
printf "Blue is still %lf\n", $colref->{'Blue'};

$colref2 = dclone(\%color);

$str = freeze(\%color);
printf "Serialization of %%color is %d bytes long.\n", length($str);
$colref3 = thaw($str);

which prints (on my machine 🖥️):

Blue is still 0.100000
Serialization of %color is 102 bytes long.

Serialization of CODE references and deserialization in a safe compartment 🔒:

use Storable qw(freeze thaw);
use Safe;
use strict;
my $safe = Safe->new;
        # because of opcodes used in "use strict":
$safe->permit(qw(:default require));
local $Storable::Deparse = 1;
local $Storable::Eval = sub { $safe->reval($_[0]) };
my $serialized = freeze(sub { 42 });
my $code = thaw($serialized);
$code->() == 42;

🚨 SECURITY WARNING 🚨

Do not accept Storable documents from untrusted sources! There is no way to configure Storable so that it can be used safely to process untrusted data. While there are various options that can be used to mitigate specific security issues, these options do not comprise a complete safety net for the user, and processing untrusted data may result in segmentation faults, remote code execution, or privilege escalation 💀💀💀. The following lists some known features which represent security issues that should be considered by users of this module.

Most obviously, the optional (off by default) CODE reference serialization feature allows transfer of code to the deserializing process 😱. Furthermore, any serialized object will cause Storable to helpfully load the module corresponding to the class of the object in the deserializing module. For manipulated module names, this can load almost arbitrary code 👻. Finally, the deserialized object's destructors will be invoked when the objects get destroyed in the deserializing process. Maliciously crafted Storable documents may put such objects in the value of a hash key that is overridden by another key/value pair in the same hash, thus causing immediate destructor execution 💥.

To disable blessing objects while thawing/retrieving remove the flag "BLESS_OK" = 2 from $Storable::flags or set the 2nd argument for thaw/retrieve to 0.

To disable tieing data while thawing/retrieving remove the flag "TIE_OK" = 4 from $Storable::flags or set the 2nd argument for thaw/retrieve to 0.

With the default setting of $Storable::flags = 6, creating or destroying random objects, even renamed objects, can be controlled by an attacker 😭. See CVE-2015-1592 and its metasploit module.

If your application requires accepting data from untrusted sources, you are best off with a less powerful and more-likely safe serialization format and implementation. If your data is sufficiently simple, Cpanel::JSON::XS or Data::MessagePack are fine alternatives ✨. For more complex data structures containing various Perl specific data types like regular expressions or aliased data, Sereal is the best alternative and offers maximum interoperability. Note that Sereal is unsafe by default, but you can configure the encoder and decoder to mitigate any security issues 👍.

⚠️ WARNING ⚠️

If you're using references as keys within your hash tables, you're bound to be disappointed when retrieving your data 😔. Indeed, Perl stringifies references used as hash table keys. If you later wish to access the items via another reference stringification (i.e. using the same reference that was used for the key originally to record the value into the hash table), it will work, because both references stringify to the same string 👌.

It won't work across a sequence of "store" and "retrieve" operations, however, because the addresses in the retrieved objects, which are part of the stringified references, will probably differ from the original addresses 😵. The topology of your structure is preserved, but not hidden semantics like those.

On platforms where it matters, be sure to call binmode() on the descriptors that you pass to Storable functions 📝.

Storing data canonically that contains large hashes can be significantly slower than storing the same data normally, as temporary arrays to hold the keys for each hash have to be allocated, populated, sorted and freed 🐌. Some tests have shown a halving of the speed of storing — the exact penalty will depend on the complexity of your data. There is no slowdown on retrieval ⚡.

🦋 REGULAR EXPRESSIONS 🦋

Storable now has experimental support for storing regular expressions, but there are significant limitations 🫠:

  • perl 5.8 or later is required.
  • regular expressions with code blocks, ie "/(?{ ... })/" or "/(??{ ... })/" will throw an exception when thawed 🚫.
  • regular expression syntax and flags have changed over the history of perl, so a regular expression that you freeze in one version of perl may fail to thaw or behave differently in another version of perl 🕰️.
  • depending on the version of perl, regular expressions can change in behaviour depending on the context, but later perls will bake that behaviour into the regexp.

Storable will throw an exception if a frozen regular expression cannot be thawed 😤.

🐛 BUGS 🐛 (the part where we're honest with each other)

okay so bestie, listen. You can't store GLOB, FORMLINE, etc.... and I know, I know, it's giving "incomplete", but if you can define semantics for those operations, feel free to enhance Storable so that it can deal with them. Queen behavior honestly 💅

The store functions will croak if they run into such references — unless you set $Storable::forgive_me to some TRUE value. In that case, the fatal message is converted to a warning and some meaningless string is stored instead. (yes, meaningless. it's lowercase meaningless. we don't lie here.)

Setting $Storable::canonical may not yield frozen strings that compare equal, and that's because of possible stringification of numbers. When the string version of a scalar exists, it is the form stored; therefore, if you happen to use your numbers as strings between two freezing operations on the same data structures, you will get different results. 😭 Not me getting two different frozen strings from the same data...

When storing doubles in network order, their value is stored as text. However, you should also not expect non-numeric floating-point values such as infinity and "not a number" to pass successfully through a nstore()/retrieve() pair. fr fr, they will not make it, don't even try it.

As Storable neither knows nor cares about character sets (although it does know that characters may be more than eight bits wide), any difference in the interpretation of character codes between a host and a target system is your problem. 👑 Not me, not Storable, you. In particular, if host and target use different code points to represent the characters used in the text representation of floating-point numbers, you will not be able be able to exchange floating-point data, even with nstore(). (and yes the original says "be able be able", that's the vibe, we preserve it, no cap)

Storable::drop_utf8 is a blunt tool. 🪓 There is no facility either to return all strings as utf8 sequences, or to attempt to convert utf8 data back to 8 bit and croak() if the conversion fails. That's just... not a thing it does, and I need you to know that before you go expecting it.

Prior to Storable 2.01, no distinction was made between signed and unsigned integers on storing. By default Storable prefers to store a scalars string representation (if it has one) so this would only cause problems when storing large unsigned integers that had never been converted to string or floating point. In other words values that had been generated by integer operations such as logic ops and then not used in any string or arithmetic context before storing. 🧚 Sending thoughts and prayers to those values.

✨ 64 bit data in perl 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 ✨

okay this whole section? it only applies to you if you have existing data written out by Storable 2.02 or earlier on perl 5.6.0 or 5.6.1 on Unix or Linux which has been configured with 64 bit integer support (not the default).

Let me say that again in group-chat form:

  • If you got a precompiled perl, rather than running Configure to build your own perl from source, then it almost certainly does not affect you, and you can stop reading now (unless you're curious 👀). If you're using perl on Windows it does not affect you.

Okay but for the ones who are still here, here's the tea:

Storable writes a file header which contains the sizes of various C language types for the C compiler that built Storable (when not writing in network order), and will refuse to load files written by a Storable not on the same (or compatible) architecture. This check and a check on machine byteorder is needed because the size of various fields in the file are given by the sizes of the C language types, and so files written on different architectures are incompatible. This is done for increased speed. (When writing in network order, all fields are written out as standard lengths, which allows full interworking, but takes longer to read and write)

Perl 5.6.x introduced the ability to optional configure the perl interpreter to use C's long long type to allow scalars to store 64 bit integers on 32 bit systems. However, due to the way the Perl configuration system generated the C configuration files on non-Windows platforms, and the way Storable generates its header, nothing in the Storable file header reflected whether the perl writing was using 32 or 64 bit integers, despite the fact that Storable was storing some data differently in the file. Hence Storable running on perl with 64 bit integers will read the header from a file written by a 32 bit perl, not realise that the data is actually in a subtly incompatible format, and then go horribly wrong (possibly crashing 💀) if it encountered a stored integer. This is a design failure. (their words, iconic honesty)

Storable has now been changed to write out and read in a file header with information about the size of integers. It's impossible to detect whether an old file being read in was written with 32 or 64 bit integers (they have the same header) so it's impossible to automatically switch to a correct backwards compatibility mode. Hence this Storable defaults to the new, correct behaviour. 🫶

What this means is that if you have data written by Storable 1.x running on perl 5.6.0 or 5.6.1 configured with 64 bit integers on Unix or Linux then by default this Storable will refuse to read it, giving the error Byte order is not compatible. If you have such data then you should set $Storable::interwork_56_64bit to a true value to make this Storable read and write files with the old header. You should also migrate your data, or any older perl you are communicating with, to this current version of Storable.

If you don't have data written with specific configuration of perl described above, then you do not and should not do anything. Don't set the flag — not only will Storable on an identically configured perl refuse to load them, but Storable a differently configured perl will load them believing them to be correct for it, and then may well fail or crash part way through reading them. 🙈

this is the "don't touch the flag unless you know you need the flag" warning. truly bestie-coded.

🎀 CREDITS 🎀

Thank you to (in chronological order):

Jarkko Hietaniemi <jhi@iki.fi>
Ulrich Pfeifer <pfeifer@charly.informatik.uni-dortmund.de>
Benjamin A. Holzman <bholzman@earthlink.net>
Andrew Ford <A.Ford@ford-mason.co.uk>
Gisle Aas <gisle@aas.no>
Jeff Gresham <gresham_jeffrey@jpmorgan.com>
Murray Nesbitt <murray@activestate.com>
Marc Lehmann <pcg@opengroup.org>
Justin Banks <justinb@wamnet.com>
Jarkko Hietaniemi <jhi@iki.fi> (AGAIN, as perl 5.7.0 Pumpkin!)
Salvador Ortiz Garcia <sog@msg.com.mx>
Dominic Dunlop <domo@computer.org>
Erik Haugan <erik@solbors.no>
Benjamin A. Holzman <ben.holzman@grantstreet.com>
Reini Urban <rurban@cpan.org>
Todd Rinaldo <toddr@cpanel.net>
Aaron Crane <arc@cpan.org>

for their bug reports, suggestions and contributions. 🫶✨ "AGAIN, as perl 5.7.0 Pumpkin!" is genuinely sending me, the energy is unmatched.

Benjamin Holzman contributed the tied variable support, Andrew Ford contributed the canonical order for hashes, and Gisle Aas fixed a few misunderstandings of mine regarding the perl internals, and optimized the emission of "tags" in the output streams by simply counting the objects instead of tagging them (leading to a binary incompatibility for the Storable image starting at version 0.6--older images are, of course, still properly understood). Murray Nesbitt made Storable thread-safe. Marc Lehmann added overloading and references to tied items support. Benjamin Holzman added a performance improvement for overloaded classes; thanks to Grant Street Group for footing the bill. Reini Urban took over maintenance from p5p, and added security fixes and huge object support. 👑

💜 AUTHOR 💜

Storable was written by Raphael Manfredi "<Raphael_Manfredi@pobox.com>" — Maintenance is now done as part of Perl core, by the Perl 5 Porters.

Please e-mail us with problems, bug fixes, comments and complaints, although if you have compliments you should send them to Raphael. Please don't e-mail Raphael with problems, as he no longer works on Storable, and your message will be delayed while he forwards it to us. 😭 sweetie he moved on, let him rest, send the compliments only.

🦋 SEE ALSO 🦋

  • Clone.

okay bestie that's the whole page, we ate and left no crumbs 💅✨ this was perl v5.44.0, dated 2026-10-17, and it's the Storable(3perl) man page — go forth and freeze your data structures, iconically. 🎀🌸💖 </output>

📦 where this page comes from