Class::Struct(3perl)
💖 Class::Struct — bestie edition 💖
ok so this is Class::Struct(3perl), from the Perl Programmers Reference Guide, and it's genuinely one of the cutest little modules in core Perl. It declares struct-like datatypes as Perl classes. Yes. You get a whole class out of one function call. Obsessed.
✨ NAME ✨
Class::Struct — declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes 🫶
🌸 SYNOPSIS 🌸
ok bestie, here's the whole vibe, verbatim, no cap:
use Class::Struct;
# declare struct, based on array:
struct( CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ]);
# declare struct, based on hash:
struct( CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... });
package CLASS_NAME;
use Class::Struct;
# declare struct, based on array, implicit class name:
struct( ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... );
# Declare struct at compile time
use Class::Struct CLASS_NAME => [ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ...];
use Class::Struct CLASS_NAME => {ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ...};
# declare struct at compile time, based on array, implicit
# class name:
package CLASS_NAME;
use Class::Struct ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ;
package Myobj;
use Class::Struct;
# declare struct with four types of elements:
struct( s => '$', a => '@', h => '%', c => 'My_Other_Class' );
my $obj = Myobj->new; # constructor
# scalar type accessor:
my $element_value = $obj->s; # element value
$obj->s('new value'); # assign to element
# array type accessor:
my $ary_ref = $obj->a; # reference to whole array
my $ary_element_value = $obj->a(2); # array element value
$obj->a(2, 'new value'); # assign to array element
# hash type accessor:
my $hash_ref = $obj->h; # reference to whole hash
my $hash_element_value = $obj->h('x'); # hash element value
$obj->h('x', 'new value'); # assign to hash element
# class type accessor:
my $element_value = $obj->c; # object reference
$obj->c->method(...); # call method of object
$obj->c(new My_Other_Class); # assign a new object🦋 DESCRIPTION 🦋
Class::Struct exports exactly one function, and its name is struct. 💅 You hand it a list of element names and types, plus optionally a class name, and struct goes and makes you a Perl 5 class that implements a "struct-like" data structure. That's it. That's the whole job.
The brand-new class it births gets a constructor method called new, which is how you make struct objects. 🌈
Every element in the struct data has its own accessor method — you use it both to assign to the element and to fetch its value back. And if you wanna be a rebel, the default accessor can be overridden by declaring a sub of the same name in the package. (peep Example 2 for that one 👀)
Each element's type can be scalar, array, hash, or class. Four flavors. All iconic.
🌟 The struct() function 🌟
The struct function has three forms of parameter-list, and honestly they're all pretty:
struct( CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_LIST ]);
struct( CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_LIST });
struct( ELEMENT_LIST );The first and second forms explicitly identify the name of the class being created. The third form just assumes the current package name as the class name. lowkey convenient.
An object of a class created by the first and third forms is based on an array, whereas an object of a class created by the second form is based on a hash. The array-based forms will be somewhat faster and smaller; the hash-based forms are more flexible. Pick your fighter, bestie.
⚠️ The class created bystructmust not be a subclass of another class other thanUNIVERSAL. That's a hard no.
It can, however, be used as a superclass for other classes. To facilitate this, the generated constructor method uses a two-argument blessing. Furthermore, if the class is hash-based, the key of each element is prefixed with the class name (see Perl Cookbook, Recipe 13.12). 🎀
🚫 A function namednewmust not be explicitly defined in a class created bystruct. Don't do it. Not even once.
The ELEMENT_LIST has the form
NAME => TYPE, ...Each name-type pair declares one element of the struct. Each element name will be defined as an accessor method unless a method by that name is explicitly defined; in the latter case, a warning is issued if the warning flag (-w) is set. So like, heads up. 🔔
🌈 Class Creation at Compile Time 🌈
Class::Struct can create your class at compile time. The main reason for doing this is obvious, so your class acts like every other class in Perl. Creating your class at compile time will make the order of events similar to using any other class ( or Perl module ). main character energy fr fr.
And to be super clear: there is no significant speed gain between compile time and run time class creation, there is just a new, more standard order of events. So don't do it for the speed, do it for the vibes. ✨
💜 Element Types and Accessor Methods 💜
The four element types — scalar, array, hash, and class — are represented by strings — '$', '@', '%', and a class name — optionally preceded by a '*'. ok so that asterisk is doing real work, don't sleep on it.
The accessor method provided by struct for an element depends on the declared type of the element. Let's break each one down, bestie. 🧚
🍓 Scalar ('$' or '*$')
The element is a scalar, and by default is initialized to undef (but see "Initializing with new" below!! 👀).
The accessor's argument, if any, is assigned to the element.
If the element type is '$', the value of the element (after assignment) is returned. If the element type is '*$', a reference to the element is returned. That's the whole difference. periodt.
🍓 Array ('@' or '*@')
The element is an array, initialized by default to ().
- With no argument, the accessor returns a reference to the element's whole array (whether or not the element was specified as
'@'or'*@'). - With one or two arguments, the first argument is an index specifying one element of the array; the second argument, if present, is assigned to the array element. If the element type is
'@', the accessor returns the array element value. If the element type is'*@', a reference to the array element is returned. - Special case alert 🚨: when the accessor is called with an array reference as the sole argument, this causes an assignment of the whole array element. The object reference is returned.
🍓 Hash ('%' or '*%')
The element is a hash, initialized by default to ().
- With no argument, the accessor returns a reference to the element's whole hash (whether or not the element was specified as
'%'or'*%'). - With one or two arguments, the first argument is a key specifying one element of the hash; the second argument, if present, is assigned to the hash element. If the element type is
'%', the accessor returns the hash element value. If the element type is'*%', a reference to the hash element is returned. - Special case alert 🚨: when the accessor is called with a hash reference as the sole argument, this causes an assignment of the whole hash element. The object reference is returned.
🍓 Class ('Class_Name' or '*Class_Name')
The element's value must be a reference blessed to the named class or to one of its subclasses. The element is not initialized by default. (so if you forget, that's on you 😭)
The accessor's argument, if any, is assigned to the element. The accessor will croak if this is not an appropriate object reference. She will croak. Loudly.
If the element type does not start with a '*', the accessor returns the element value (after assignment). If the element type starts with a '*', a reference to the element itself is returned.
🎀 Initializing with "new" 🎀
struct always creates a constructor called new. That constructor may take a list of initializers for the various elements of the new struct. slay.
Each initializer is a pair of values: element name" => "value. The initializer value for a scalar element is just a scalar value. The initializer for an array element is an array reference. The initializer for a hash is a hash reference.
The initializer for a class element is an object of the corresponding class, or of one of it's subclasses, or a reference to a hash containing named arguments to be passed to the element's constructor.
See Example 3 below for an example of initialization. 💖
more coming, bestie — this page keeps going 💅
✨ EXAMPLES ✨
okay bestie, examples time! these are literally the blueprint for nesting and overriding, so pay attention 💖
Example 1 — nesting structs 🪆
Giving a struct element a class type that is also a struct is how structs are nested. Here, Timeval represents a time (seconds and microseconds), and Rusage has two elements, each of which is of type Timeval.
use Class::Struct;
struct( Rusage => {
ru_utime => 'Timeval', # user time used
ru_stime => 'Timeval', # system time used
});
struct( Timeval => [
tv_secs => '$', # seconds
tv_usecs => '$', # microseconds
]);
# create an object:
my $t = Rusage->new(ru_utime=>Timeval->new(),
ru_stime=>Timeval->new());
# $t->ru_utime and $t->ru_stime are objects of type Timeval.
# set $t->ru_utime to 100.0 sec and $t->ru_stime to 5.0 sec.
$t->ru_utime->tv_secs(100);
$t->ru_utime->tv_usecs(0);
$t->ru_stime->tv_secs(5);
$t->ru_stime->tv_usecs(0);Example 2 — redefining an accessor ✨
An accessor function can be redefined in order to provide additional checking of values, etc. Here, we want the count element always to be nonnegative, so we redefine the count accessor accordingly.
package MyObj;
use Class::Struct;
# declare the struct
struct ( 'MyObj', { count => '$', stuff => '%' } );
# override the default accessor method for 'count'
sub count {
my $self = shift;
if ( @_ ) {
die 'count must be nonnegative' if $_[0] < 0;
$self->{'MyObj::count'} = shift;
warn "Too many args to count" if @_;
}
return $self->{'MyObj::count'};
}
package main;
$x = new MyObj;
print "\$x->count(5) = ", $x->count(5), "\n";
# prints '$x->count(5) = 5'
print "\$x->count = ", $x->count, "\n";
# prints '$x->count = 5'
print "\$x->count(-5) = ", $x->count(-5), "\n";
# dies due to negative argument!Example 3 — constructor initializers 🎀
The constructor of a generated class can be passed a list of element=>value pairs, with which to initialize the struct. If no initializer is specified for a particular element, its default initialization is performed instead. Initializers for non-existent elements are silently ignored.
Note that the initializer for a nested class may be specified as an object of that class, or as a reference to a hash of initializers that are passed on to the nested struct's constructor.
use Class::Struct;
struct Breed =>
{
name => '$',
cross => '$',
};
struct Cat =>
[
name => '$',
kittens => '@',
markings => '%',
breed => 'Breed',
];
my $cat = Cat->new( name => 'Socks',
kittens => ['Monica', 'Kenneth'],
markings => { socks=>1, blaze=>"white" },
breed => Breed->new(name=>'short-hair', cross=>1),
or: breed => {name=>'short-hair', cross=>1},
);
print "Once a cat called ", $cat->name, "\n";
print "(which was a ", $cat->breed->name, ")\n";
print "had 2 kittens: ", join(' and ', @{$cat->kittens}), "\n";📜 Author and Modification History 📜
the lore drop ✨
- Modified by Damian Conway, 2001-09-10, v0.62.
Modified implicit construction of nested objects. Now will also take an object ref instead of requiring a hash ref. Also default initializes nested object attributes to undef, rather than calling object constructor without args. Original over-helpfulness was fraught with problems:
- the class's constructor might not be called
new - the class might not have a hash-like-arguments constructor
- the class might not have a no-argument constructor
- "recursive" data structures didn't work well:
package Person;
struct { mother => 'Person', father => 'Person'};- Modified by Casey West, 2000-11-08, v0.59.
Added the ability for compile time class creation.
- Modified by Damian Conway, 1999-03-05, v0.58.
Added handling of hash-like arg list to class ctor.
Changed to two-argument blessing in ctor to support derivation from created classes.
Added classname prefixes to keys in hash-based classes (refer to "Perl Cookbook", Recipe 13.12 for rationale).
Corrected behaviour of accessors for '*@' and '*%' struct elements. Package now implements documented behaviour when returning a reference to an entire hash or array element. Previously these were returned as a reference to a reference to the element.
- Renamed to "Class::Struct" and modified by Jim Miner, 1997-04-02.
members()function removed.- Documentation corrected and extended.
- Use of
struct()in a subclass prohibited. - User definition of accessor allowed.
- Treatment of
'*'in element types corrected. - Treatment of classes as element types corrected.
- Class name to
struct()made optional. - Diagnostic checks added.
- Originally "Class::Template" by Dean Roehrich.
# Template.pm --- struct/member template builder
# 12mar95
# Dean Roehrich
#
# changes/bugs fixed since 28nov94 version:
# - podified
# changes/bugs fixed since 21nov94 version:
# - Fixed examples.
# changes/bugs fixed since 02sep94 version:
# - Moved to Class::Template.
# changes/bugs fixed since 20feb94 version:
# - Updated to be a more proper module.
# - Added "use strict".
# - Bug in build_methods, was using @var when @$var needed.
# - Now using my() rather than local().
#
# Uses perl5 classes to create nested data types.
# This is offered as one implementation of Tom Christiansen's
# "structs.pl" idea.and that's the tea! this was perl v5.44.0, dated 2026-10-17, for Class::Struct(3perl) — stay slaying bestie 💅✨
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