PERLGLOSSARY(1perl)

🌸 NAME 🌸

okay so bestie, welcome to perlglossary(1perl) — the Perl Glossary. no cap, it’s the whole vibe dictionary for Perl docs. 💖

✨ VERSION ✨

version 5.20250619

💅 DESCRIPTION 💅

It’s a glossary of terms (technical and otherwise) used in the Perl documentation, derived from the Glossary of Programming Perl, Fourth Edition. Words or phrases in bold are defined elsewhere in this glossary. 🫶

Other useful sources include the Unicode Glossary (http://unicode.org/glossary/), the Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing (http://foldoc.org/), the Jargon File (http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/), and Wikipedia (http://www.wikipedia.org/). ✨

🅰️ A ✨

accessor methods

A method used to indirectly inspect or update an object’s state (its instance variables). 👀

actual arguments

The scalar values that you supply to a function or subroutine when you call it. For instance, when you call power("puff"), the string "puff" is the actual argument. See also argument and formal arguments. 💅

address operator

Some languages work directly with the memory addresses of values, but this can be like playing with fire. Perl provides a set of asbestos gloves for handling all memory management. The closest to an address operator in Perl is the backslash operator, but it gives you a hard reference, which is much safer than a memory address. 🔥

algorithm

A well-defined sequence of steps, explained clearly enough that even a computer could do them. 🤖

alias

A nickname for something, which behaves in all ways as though you’d used the original name instead of the nickname. Temporary aliases are implicitly created in the loop variable for foreach loops, in the $_ variable for map or grep operators, in $a and $b during sort’s comparison function, and in each element of @_ for the actual arguments of a subroutine call. Permanent aliases are explicitly created in packages by importing symbols or by assignment to typeglobs. Lexically scoped aliases for package variables are explicitly created by the our declaration. 👑

alphabetic

The sort of characters we put into words. In Unicode, this is all letters including all ideographs and certain diacritics, letter numbers like Roman numerals, and various combining marks. 🔤

alternatives

A list of possible choices from which you may select only one, as in, “Would you like door A, B, or C?” Alternatives in regular expressions are separated with a single vertical bar: |. Alternatives in normal Perl expressions are separated with a double vertical bar: ||. Logical alternatives in Boolean expressions are separated with either || or or. 🚪

anonymous

Used to describe a referent that is not directly accessible through a named variable. Such a referent must be indirectly accessible through at least one hard reference. When the last hard reference goes away, the anonymous referent is destroyed without pity. 💀

application

A bigger, fancier sort of program with a fancier name so people don’t realize they are using a program. 😭

architecture

The kind of computer you’re working on, where one “kind of computer” means all those computers sharing a compatible machine language. Since Perl programs are (typically) simple text files, not executable images, a Perl program is much less sensitive to the architecture it’s running on than programs in other languages, such as C, that are compiled into machine code. See also platform and operating system. 🖥️

argument

A piece of data supplied to a program, subroutine, function, or method to tell it what it’s supposed to do. Also called a “parameter”. 📦

ARGV

The name of the array containing the argument vector from the command line. If you use the empty <> operator, ARGV is the name of both the filehandle used to traverse the arguments and the scalar containing the name of the current input file. 🌈

arithmetical operator

A symbol such as + or / that tells Perl to do the arithmetic you were supposed to learn in grade school. ➗

array

An ordered sequence of values, stored such that you can easily access any of the values using an integer subscript that specifies the value’s offset in the sequence. 🧺

array context

An archaic expression for what is more correctly referred to as list context. 🦋

Artistic License

The open source license that Larry Wall created for Perl, maximizing Perl’s usefulness, availability, and modifiability. The current version is 2. (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/artistic-license.php). 🎨

ASCII

The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (a 7-bit character set adequate only for poorly representing English text). Often used loosely to describe the lowest 128 values of the various ISO-8859-X character sets, a bunch of mutually incompatible 8-bit codes best described as half ASCII. See also Unicode. 🔡

assertion

A component of a regular expression that must be true for the pattern to match but does not necessarily match any characters itself. Often used specifically to mean a zero-width assertion. ✅

assignment

An operator whose assigned mission in life is to change the value of a variable. 🎯

assignment operator

Either a regular assignment or a compound operator composed of an ordinary assignment and some other operator, that changes the value of a variable in place; that is, relative to its old value. For example, $a += 2 adds 2 to $a. 💥

associative array

See hash. Please. The term associative array is the old Perl 4 term for a hash. Some languages call it a dictionary. 📚

associativity

Determines whether you do the left operator first or the right operator first when you have “A operator B operator C”, and the two operators are of the same precedence. Operators like + are left associative, while operators like ** are right associative. See Camel chapter 3, “Unary and Binary Operators” for a list of operators and their associativity. ⚖️

asynchronous

Said of events or activities whose relative temporal ordering is indeterminate because too many things are going on at once. Hence, an asynchronous event is one you didn’t know when to expect. ⏳

atom

A regular expression component potentially matching a substring containing one or more characters and treated as an indivisible syntactic unit by any following quantifier. (Contrast with an assertion that matches something of zero width and may not be quantified.) ⚛️

atomic operation

When Democritus gave the word “atom” to the indivisible bits of matter, he meant literally something that could not be cut: ἀ- (not) + -τομος (cuttable). An atomic operation is an action that can’t be interrupted, not one forbidden in a nuclear-free zone. ☢️

attribute

A new feature that allows the declaration of variables and subroutines with modifiers, as in sub foo : locked method. Also another name for an instance variable of an object. 🏷️

autogeneration

A feature of operator overloading of objects, whereby the behavior of certain operators can be reasonably deduced using more fundamental operators. This assumes that the overloaded operators will often have the same relationships as the regular operators. See Camel chapter 13, “Overloading”. ✨

autoincrement

To add one to something automatically, hence the name of the ++ operator. To instead subtract one from something automatically is known as an “autodecrement”. ➕

autoload

To load on demand. (Also called “lazy” loading.) Specifically, to call an AUTOLOAD subroutine on behalf of an undefined subroutine. 🦥

autosplit

To split a string automatically, as the –a switch does when running under –p or –n in order to emulate awk. (See also the AutoSplit module, which has nothing to do with the –a switch but a lot to do with autoloading.) 🪓

autovivification

A Graeco-Roman word meaning “to bring oneself to life”. In Perl, storage locations (lvalues) spontaneously generate themselves as needed, including the creation of any hard reference values to point to the next level of storage. The assignment $a[5][5][5][5][5] = "quintet" potentially creates five scalar storage locations, plus four references (in the first four scalar locations) pointing to four new anonymous arrays (to hold the last four scalar locations). But the point of autovivification is that you don’t have to worry about it. 🌱

AV

Short for “array value”, which refers to one of Perl’s internal data types that holds an array. The AV type is a subclass of SV. 🧬

awk

Descriptive editing term—short for “awkward”. Also coincidentally refers to a venerable text-processing language from which Perl derived some of its high-level ideas. 😅

🅱️ B ✨

backreference

A substring captured by a subpattern within unadorned parentheses in a regex. Backslashed decimal numbers (\1, \2, etc.) later in the same pattern refer back to the corresponding subpattern in the current match. Outside the pattern, the numbered variables ($1, $2, etc.) continue to refer to these same values, as long as the pattern was the last successful match of the current dynamic scope. 🔙

backtracking

The practice of saying, “If I had to do it all over, I’d do it differently,” and then actually going back and doing it all over differently. Mathematically speaking, it’s returning from an unsuccessful recursion on a tree of possibilities. Perl backtracks when it attempts to match patterns with a regular expression, and its earlier attempts don’t pan out. See the section “The Little Engine That /Couldn(n’t)” in Camel chapter 5, “Pattern Matching”. 🧠

backward compatibility

Means you can still run your old program because we didn’t break any of the features or bugs it was relying on. 🕰️

bareword

A word sufficiently ambiguous to be deemed illegal under use strict 'subs'. In the absence of that stricture, a bareword is treated as if quotes were around it. 🪵

base class

A generic object type; that is, a class from which other, more specific classes are derived genetically by inheritance. Also called a “superclass” by people who respect their ancestors. 👑

big-endian

okay so bestie, big-endian is giving major Swiftie energy 💖 — it's literally someone who eats their eggs big end first 🥚. But also, it's a computer vibe where the most significant byte of a word gets stored at a lower byte address than the least significant byte. These machines? Often considered superior to little-endian ones, no cap. See also little-endian. 👑

binary

binary is all about base 2 numbers, bestie. That means there's basically just two digits: 0 and 1. Periodt. It's also used to describe a file of “nontext”, probably because such a file uses all the binary bits in its bytes. But with Unicode showing up, this distinction was already sus, and now it's losing even more meaning. 💀

binary operator

A binary operator is an operator that takes two operands. Simple as that, bestie. 💅

bind

To bind is to assign a specific network address to a socket. It's giving matchmaking but for networks. 🔌

bit

A bit is an integer from 0 to 1, inclusive. It's the smallest possible unit of information storage. Also an eighth of a byte or of a dollar. 🪙 Fun fact: the term “Pieces of Eight” comes from splitting the old Spanish dollar into 8 bits, and each bit still counted as money. That's why a 25- cent piece today is still called “two bits”. The more you know! 💫

bit shift

A bit shift is when bits move left or right in a computer word. The effect? Multiplying or dividing by a power of 2. Math is mathing. ✨

bit string

A bit string is a sequence of bits that is actually being thought of as a sequence of bits. For once. 😌

bless

In corporate life, to bless is to grant official approval, like “The VP of Engineering has blessed our WebCruncher project.” In Perl, it's basically the same vibe: you grant official approval to a referent so it can function as an object, like a WebCruncher object. See the bless function in Camel chapter 27, “Functions”. 👑

block

block has two vibes. First, it's what a process does when it has to wait for something: “My process blocked waiting for the disk.” Second, as an unrelated noun, it's a large chunk of data that the OS likes to deal with (normally a power of 2 like 512 or 8192). Usually it's a chunk coming from or going to a disk file. 💽

BLOCK

BLOCK (all caps, bestie) is a syntactic construct: a sequence of Perl statements wrapped in braces. The if and while statements are defined in terms of BLOCKs, for instance. Sometimes we also say “block” to mean a lexical scope — a sequence of statements that acts like a BLOCK, like within an eval or a file, even if they aren't delimited by braces. Slay. 🧱

block buffering

block buffering is a method of making input and output efficient by passing one block at a time. By default, Perl does block buffering to disk files. See buffer and command buffering. Efficiency queen. 👑

Boolean

A Boolean is a value that is either true or false. No in-between, just vibes. ✅❌

Boolean context

Boolean context is a special kind of scalar context used in conditionals to decide if the scalar value from an expression is true or false. It doesn't evaluate as a string or a number. See context. It's giving judgmental but make it Perl. ⚖️

breakpoint

A breakpoint is a spot in your program where you told the debugger to stop execution so you can poke around and see if anything is wrong yet. It's like a pause button for your code. ⏸️

broadcast

To broadcast is to send a datagram to multiple destinations simultaneously. It's giving group chat energy. 📢

BSD

BSD is a psychoactive drug, super popular in the ’80s, probably developed at UC Berkeley or thereabouts. It's similar in many ways to the prescription-only medication called “System V”, but infinitely more useful. (Or at least more fun.) The full chemical name is “Berkeley Standard Distribution”. Iconic. 💊

bucket

A bucket is a location in a hash table that contains (potentially) multiple entries whose keys “hash” to the same hash value according to its hash function. As internal policy, you don't have to worry about it unless you're into internals, or policy. 🪣

buffer

A buffer is a temporary holding location for data. Here's the tea: Block buffering means data is passed to its destination whenever the buffer is full. Line buffering means it's passed whenever a complete line is received. Command buffering means it's passed every time you do a print command (or equivalent). If your output is unbuffered, the system processes it one byte at a time without a holding area. That can be rather inefficient. 💅

built-in

A built-in is a function that's predefined in the language. Even when it's hidden by overriding, you can always get at a built-in function by qualifying its name with the CORE:: pseudopackage. Sneaky but slay. 🔧

bundle

A bundle is a group of related modules on CPAN. It can also sometimes refer to a group of command-line switches grouped into one switch cluster. It's giving squad goals. 👯

byte

A byte is a piece of data worth eight bits in most places. Eight is great. 🎱

bytecode

bytecode is a pidgin-like lingo spoken among ’droids when they don't want to reveal their orientation (see endian). It's named after similar languages spoken (for similar reasons) between compilers and interpreters in the late 20ᵗʰ century. These languages represent everything as a nonarchitecture-dependent sequence of bytes. Secret code vibes. 🤖

C

C

C is a language beloved by many for its inside-out type definitions, inscrutable precedence rules, and heavy overloading of the function-call mechanism. (Well, actually, people first switched to C because they found lowercase identifiers easier to read than upper.) Perl is written in C, so it's not surprising that Perl borrowed a few ideas from it. It's the OG. 👑

cache

A cache is a data repository. Instead of computing expensive answers several times, you compute it once and save the result. Work smart, not hard. 🧠

callback

A callback is a handler that you register with some other part of your program, hoping that other part will trigger your handler when some event of interest happens. It's like setting a trap but for good. 🎣

call by reference

call by reference is an argument-passing mechanism where the formal arguments refer directly to the actual arguments, and the subroutine can change the actual arguments by changing the formal arguments. So the formal argument is an alias for the actual argument. See also call by value. It's giving direct access. 🔗

call by value

call by value is an argument-passing mechanism where the formal arguments refer to a copy of the actual arguments, and the subroutine can't change the actual arguments by changing the formal arguments. See also call by reference. No take-backs. 📋

canonical

canonical means reduced to a standard form to facilitate comparison. Normalize and slay. ✨

capture variables

capture variables are the variables — like $1 and $2, and %+ and %– — that hold the text remembered in a pattern match. See Camel chapter 5, “Pattern Matching”. They're the receipts of your regex. 🧾

capturing

capturing is using parentheses around a subpattern in a regular expression to store the matched substring as a backreference. (Captured strings are also returned as a list in list context.) See Camel chapter 5, “Pattern Matching”. Catch it and keep it. 🎣

cargo cult

cargo cult is copying and pasting code without understanding it, while superstitiously believing in its value. The term originated from preindustrial cultures dealing with the detritus of explorers and colonizers of technologically advanced cultures. See The Gods Must Be Crazy. Don't be that person, bestie. 🙈

case

case is a property of certain characters. Originally, typesetters stored capital letters in the upper of two cases and small letters in the lower one. Unicode recognizes three cases: lowercase (character property \p{lower}), titlecase (\p{title}), and uppercase (\p{upper}). A fourth casemapping called foldcase isn't itself a distinct case, but it's used internally to implement casefolding. Not all letters have case, and some nonletters have case. It's giving complicated but we love her. 🔠

casefolding

casefolding is comparing or matching a string case-insensitively. In Perl, it's implemented with the /i pattern modifier, the fc function, and the \F double-quote translation escape. No need to yell. 🤫

casemapping

casemapping is the process of converting a string to one of the four Unicode casemaps. In Perl, it's implemented with the fc, lc, ucfirst, and uc functions. Glow up for your strings. 💅

character

A character is the smallest individual element of a string. Computers store characters as integers, but Perl lets you operate on them as text. The integer used to represent a particular character is called that character's codepoint. Tiny but mighty. ✨

character class

A character class is a square-bracketed list of characters used in a regular expression to indicate that any character of the set may occur at a given point. Loosely, any predefined set of characters so used. It's giving options. 🎭

character property

A character property is a predefined character class matchable by the \p or \P metasymbol. Unicode defines hundreds of standard properties for every possible codepoint, and Perl defines a few of its own, too. So many labels. 🏷️

circumfix operator

A circumfix operator is an operator that surrounds its operand, like the angle operator, or parentheses, or a hug. Aww. 🤗

class

A class is a user-defined type, implemented in Perl via a package that provides (either directly or by inheritance) methods (that is, subroutines) to handle instances of the class (its objects). See also inheritance. It's the blueprint, bestie. 📐

class method

A class method is a method whose invocant is a package name, not an object reference. It's a method associated with the class as a whole. Also see instance method. Group project energy. 👥

client

In networking, a client is a process that initiates contact with a server process to exchange data and perhaps receive a service. It's the one who texts first. 📱

closure

A closure is an anonymous subroutine that, when a reference to it is generated at runtime, keeps track of the identities of externally visible lexical variables, even after those lexical variables have supposedly gone out of scope. They're called “closures” because this behavior gives mathematicians a sense of closure. Emotional support subroutine. 🫂

cluster

A cluster is a parenthesized subpattern used to group parts of a regular expression into a single atom. Squad up. 👯

CODE

CODE is the word returned by the ref function when you apply it to a reference to a subroutine. See also CV. All caps, all business. 💼

code generator

A code generator is a system that writes code for you in a low-level language, like code to implement the backend of a compiler. See program generator. It's the ghostwriter of programming. 👻

codepoint

A codepoint is the integer a computer uses to represent a given character. ASCII codepoints are in the range 0 to 127; Unicode codepoints are in the range 0 to 0x10_FFFF; and Perl codepoints are in the range 0 to 2³²−1 or 0 to 2⁶⁴−1, depending on your native integer size. In Perl Culture, sometimes called ordinals. Numbers but make it text. 🔢

• code subpattern — a regex subpattern whose whole actual purpose is to run some Perl code, bestie. The classic girlies here are the (?{...}) and (??{...}) subpatterns. Executing code, in a regex. Obsessed. ✨
• collating sequence — the order characters sort themselves into. String comparison routines use it to decide, like, where in this very glossary the phrase "collating sequence" should go. Meta. 💅
• co-maintainer — a person with permissions to index a namespace in PAUSE. Anyone can upload to any namespace, no gatekeeping there, but only primary and co-maintainers get their contributions actually indexed. It's giving ✨permission slip✨.
• combining character — any character whose General Category is Combining Mark (\p{GC=M}), and it can be spacing or nonspacing. Some of them are literally invisible. A sequence of combining characters following a grapheme base character together make up one single user-visible character called a grapheme. Most but not all diacritics are combining characters, and vice versa. 🦋
• command — in shell programming, the syntactic combination of a program name and its arguments. More loosely, anything you type to a shell (a command interpreter) that starts it doing something. Even more loosely: a Perl statement, which might start with a label and typically ends with a semicolon. Three definitions, all valid, we love range. 😌
• command buffering — a mechanism in Perl that lets you store up the output of each Perl command and then flush it out as a single request to the operating system. It's enabled by setting the $| ($AUTOFLUSH) variable to a true value. You reach for it when you don't want data just sitting around, not going where it's supposed to — which is a real risk, because the default on a file or pipe is to use block buffering. 🫶
• command-line arguments — the values you supply along with a program name when you tell a shell to execute a command. These values get passed to a Perl program through @ARGV. Periodt.
• command name — the name of the program currently executing, as typed on the command line. In C, the command name is passed to the program as the first command-line argument. In Perl, it comes in separately as $0. Different system, different rules. 💀
• comment — a remark that doesn't affect the meaning of the program. In Perl, a comment is introduced by a # character and continues to the end of the line. Short king of syntax.
• compilation unit — the file (or string, in the case of eval) that is currently being compiled.
• compile — the process of turning source code into a machine-usable form. See compile phase. 🌈
• compile phase — any time before Perl starts running your main program. See also run phase. Compile phase is mostly spent in compile time, but it may also be spent in runtime when BEGIN blocks, use or no declarations, or constant subexpressions are being evaluated. The startup and import code of any use declaration also runs during compile phase. It's complicated, and that's the point. 🎀
• compiler — strictly speaking, a program that munches up another program and spits out yet another file containing the program in a "more executable" form, typically containing native machine instructions. The perl program is not a compiler by that definition — but it does contain a kind of compiler that takes a program and turns it into a more executable form (syntax trees) within the perl process itself, which the interpreter then interprets. There are, however, extension modules to get Perl to act more like a "real" compiler. See Camel chapter 16, "Compiling". 💅
• compile time — the time when Perl is trying to make sense of your code, as opposed to when it thinks it knows what your code means and is merely trying to do what it thinks your code says to do, which is runtime. Reading vs. doing, iconic duality.
• composer — a "constructor" for a referent that isn't really an object, like an anonymous array or a hash (or a sonata, for that matter). For example, a pair of braces acts as a composer for a hash, and a pair of brackets acts as a composer for an array. See the section "Creating References" in Camel chapter 8, "References". 🎼
• concatenation — the process of gluing one cat's nose to another cat's tail. Also a similar operation on two strings. No further questions. 😭
• conditional — something "iffy". See Boolean context. 🙈
• connection — in telephony, the temporary electrical circuit between the caller's and the callee's phone. In networking, the same kind of temporary circuit between a client and a server.
• construct — as a noun, a piece of syntax made up of smaller pieces. As a transitive verb, to create an object using a constructor. Noun and verb, both slay.
• constructor — any class method, instance, or subroutine that composes, initializes, blesses, and returns an object. Sometimes we use the term loosely to mean a composer. Soft launch of a definition, honestly.
• context — the surroundings or environment. The context given by the surrounding code determines what kind of data a particular expression is expected to return. The three primary contexts are list context, scalar, and void context. Scalar context is sometimes subdivided into Boolean context, numeric context, string context, and void context. There's also a "don't care" context (which is dealt with in Camel chapter 2, "Bits and Pieces", if you care). 💖
• continuation — the treatment of more than one physical line as a single logical line. Makefile lines are continued by putting a backslash before the newline. Mail headers, as defined by RFC 822, are continued by putting a space or tab after the newline. In general, lines in Perl do not need any form of continuation mark, because whitespace (including newlines) is gleefully ignored. Usually. 👀
• core dump — the corpse of a process, in the form of a file left in the working directory of the process, usually as a result of certain kinds of fatal errors. 💀
• CPAN — the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network. (See the Camel Preface and Camel chapter 19, "CPAN" for details.) 👑
• C preprocessor — the typical C compiler's first pass, which processes lines beginning with # for conditional compilation and macro definition, and does various manipulations of the program text based on the current definitions. Also known as cpp(1).
• cracker — someone who breaks security on computer systems. A cracker may be a true hacker or only a script kiddie. 🚩
• currently selected output channel — the last filehandle that was designated with select(FILEHANDLE); STDOUT, if no filehandle has been selected.
• current package — the package in which the current statement is compiled. Scan backward in the text of your program through the current lexical scope or any enclosing lexical scopes until you find a package declaration. That's your current package name. Scavenger hunt, but make it compiler internals. 🔍
• current working directory — See working directory.
• CV — in academia, a curriculum vitæ, a fancy kind of résumé. In Perl, an internal "code value" typedef holding a subroutine. The CV type is a subclass of SV. Same letters, completely different main character energy. 🎀

---

🦋 D 🦋

• dangling statement — a bare, single statement, without any braces, hanging off an if or while conditional. C allows them. Perl doesn't. Sorry babe, no unsupported syntax here. 🚫
• datagram — a packet of data, such as a UDP message, that (from the viewpoint of the programs involved) can be sent independently over the network. (In fact, all packets are sent independently at the IP level, but stream protocols such as TCP hide this from your program.) 🙈
• data structure — how your various pieces of data relate to each other and what shape they make when you put them all together, as in a rectangular table or a triangular tree. Geometry but for data, we love a glow-up. ✨
• data type — a set of possible values, together with all the operations that know how to deal with those values. For example, a numeric data type has a certain set of numbers that you can work with, as well as various mathematical operations that you can do on the numbers, but would make little sense on, say, a string such as Kilroy. Strings have their own operations, such as concatenation. Compound types made of a number of smaller pieces generally have operations to compose and decompose them, and perhaps to rearrange them. Objects that model things in the real world often have operations that correspond to real activities. For instance, if you model an elevator, your elevator object might have an open_door method. 🛗
• DBM — stands for "Database Management" routines, a set of routines that emulate an associative array using disk files. The routines use a dynamic hashing scheme to locate any entry with only two disk accesses. DBM files allow a Perl program to keep a persistent hash across multiple invocations. You can tie your hash variables to various DBM implementations. Persistent hash? She's committed. 💜
• declaration — an assertion that states something exists and perhaps describes what it's like, without giving any commitment as to how or where you'll use it. A declaration is like the part of your recipe that says, "two cups flour, one large egg, four or five tadpoles…" See statement for its opposite. Note that some declarations also function as statements. Subroutine declarations also act as definitions if a body is supplied. 🍓
• declarator — something that tells your program what sort of variable you'd like. Perl doesn't require you to declare variables, but you can use my, our, or state to denote that you want something other than the default. Consent, but for variables. 🫶
• decrement — to subtract a value from a variable, as in "decrement $x" (meaning to remove 1 from its value) or "decrement $x by 3". Math girlies rise.
• default — a value chosen for you if you don't supply a value of your own. She's got your back. 💅
• defined — having a meaning. Perl thinks that some of the things people try to do are devoid of meaning; in particular, making use of variables that have never been given a value and performing certain operations on data that isn't there. For example, if you try to read data past the end of a file, Perl will hand you back an undefined value. See also false and the defined entry in Camel chapter 27, "Functions". 🔥
• delimiter — a character or string that sets bounds to an arbitrarily sized textual object, not to be confused with a separator or terminator. "To delimit" really just means "to surround" or "to enclose" (like these parentheses are doing). Not me nesting definitions inside definitions, the layers are insane. 🌸
• dereference — fancy computer-science term that literally means "to follow a reference to what it points to". The "de" part is there because you're taking away one whole level of indirection. that's it, that's the whole thing 💅
• derived class — a class that defines some of its methods in terms of a more generic class, which is called a base class. and bestie, important nuance: classes are not sorted exclusively into base classes or derived classes — one class can be both a derived class AND a base class at the same time, which is, quote unquote, "kind of classy". 👑
• descriptor — see file descriptor.
• destroy — to deallocate the memory of a referent, and that's after first triggering its DESTROY method, if it has one. order matters, okay? 💀
• destructor — a special method that gets called when an object is thinking about destroying itself. NOT the actual destruction though — a Perl program's DESTROY method doesn't do the real destroying. Perl just triggers the method in case the class wants to do any associated cleanup. it's giving ✨ warning shot ✨
• device — a whiz-bang hardware gizmo (think a disk or tape drive or a modem or a joystick or a mouse) attached to your computer, which the operating system tries to make look like a file (or a whole bunch of files). under Unix, these fake files tend to live in the /dev directory. iconic behavior honestly 🖱️
• directive — a pod directive. see Camel chapter 23, "Plain Old Documentation".
• directory — a special file that contains other files. some operating systems call these "folders", "drawers", "catalogues", or "catalogs". so many nicknames for the same slay container 📁
• directory handle — a name that represents a particular instance of opening a directory to read it, until you close it. see the opendir function.
• discipline — some people need this and some people avoid it. 🙈 for Perl, it's just an old way to say I/O layer.
• dispatch — to send something to its correct destination. usually used metaphorically for a transfer of programmatic control to a destination that got picked algorithmically — often by looking it up in a table of function references, or, for object methods, by walking the inheritance tree looking for the most specific definition of the method. very main character energy, knows exactly where it's going 🎯
• distribution — a standard, bundled release of a system of software. the default usage implies the source code is included. if it's not, then we call it a "binary-only" distribution.
• dual-lived — some modules live both in the Standard Library AND on CPAN. these modules might get developed on two separate tracks as people modify either version. the trend currently is to untangle these situations. 🧶
• dweomer — an enchantment, illusion, phantasm, or jugglery. you say this when Perl's magical dwimmer effects don't do what you expect, and instead they seem to be the product of arcane dweomercraft, sorcery, or wonder working. [From Middle English.] 🧙‍♀️✨
• dwimmer — DWIM is an acronym for "Do What I Mean", the principle that something should just do what you want it to do without an undue amount of fuss. a bit of code that does "dwimming" is a "dwimmer". dwimming can require a great deal of behind-the-scenes magic, which (if it doesn't stay properly behind the scenes) is called a dweomer instead. consequences, bestie 💫
• dynamic scoping — dynamic scoping works over a dynamic scope, making variables visible throughout the rest of the block in which they are first used, and in any subroutines that are called by the rest of the block. dynamically scoped variables can have their values temporarily changed (and implicitly restored later) by a local operator. (Compare lexical scoping.) also used more loosely to mean how a subroutine that is in the middle of calling another subroutine "contains" that subroutine at runtime.

---

🌈 E 🌈

• eclectic — derived from many sources. some would say too many. 🙃
• element — a basic building block. when you're talking about an array, it's one of the items that make up the array.
• embedding — when something is contained in something else, especially when that might be considered surprising: "I've embedded a complete Perl interpreter in my editor!" 😳 no cap
• empty subclass test — the notion that an empty derived class should behave exactly like its base class. twin behavior fr fr
• encapsulation — the veil of abstraction separating the interface from the implementation (whether it's enforced or not), which mandates that all access to an object's state goes through methods alone. look but don't touch the internals 💅
• endian — see little-endian and big-endian.
• en passant — when you change a value as it's being copied. [From French "in passing", as in the exotic pawn-capturing maneuver in chess.] ♟️
• environment — the collective set of environment variables your process inherits from its parent. accessed via %ENV.
• environment variable — a mechanism by which some high-level agent, like a user, can pass its preferences down to its future offspring (child processes, grandchild processes, great-grandchild processes, and so on). each environment variable is a key/value pair, like one entry in a hash. family heirlooms but make it data 🫶
• EOF — End of File. sometimes used metaphorically as the terminating string of a here document.
• errno — the error number returned by a syscall when it fails. Perl refers to the error by the name $! (or $OS_ERROR if you use the English module).
• error — see exception or fatal error.
• escape sequence — see metasymbol.
• exception — a fancy term for an error. see fatal error.
• exception handling — the way a program responds to an error. the exception-handling mechanism in Perl is the eval operator.
• exec — to throw away the current process's program and replace it with another, without exiting the process or relinquishing any resources held (apart from the old memory image). swap the whole outfit, keep the body 😌
• executable file — a file that is specially marked to tell the operating system that it's okay to run this file as a program. usually shortened to "executable".
• execute — to run a program or subroutine. (has nothing to do with the kill built-in, unless you're trying to run a signal handler.) 🙅‍♀️
• execute bit — the special mark that tells the operating system it can run this program. there are actually three execute bits under Unix, and which bit gets used depends on whether you own the file singularly, collectively, or not at all. pick your lane 🔐
• exit status — see status.
• exploit — used as a noun in this case, this refers to a known way to compromise a program to get it to do something the author didn't intend. your task is to write unexploitable programs. periodt. 🛡️
• export — to make symbols from a module available for import by other modules.
• expression — anything you can legally say in a spot where a value is required. typically composed of literals, variables, operators, functions, and subroutine calls, not necessarily in that order.
• extension — a Perl module that also pulls in compiled C or C++ code. more generally, any experimental option that can be compiled into Perl, such as multithreading.

---

⭐ F ⭐

• false — in Perl, any value that would look like "" or "0" if evaluated in a string context. and since undefined values evaluate to "", that means all undefined values are false — BUT not all false values are undefined. read it again, it's a one-way street 🚦
• FAQ — Frequently Asked Question (although not necessarily frequently answered, especially if the answer appears in the Perl FAQ shipped standard with Perl). the callout 😭
• fatal error — an uncaught exception, which causes termination of the process after printing a message on your standard error stream. errors that happen inside an eval are not fatal. instead, the eval terminates after placing the exception message in the $@ ($EVAL_ERROR) variable. you can try to provoke a fatal error with the die operator (known as throwing or raising an exception), but this may be caught by a dynamically enclosing eval. if it's not caught, the die becomes a fatal error. 💀
• feeping creaturism — a spoonerism of "creeping featurism", noting the biological urge to add just one more feature to a program. just one more. just one. okay maybe two. 🐛
• field — a single piece of numeric or string data that's part of a longer string, record, or line. variable-width fields are usually split up by separators (so use split to extract the fields), while fixed-width fields are usually at fixed positions (so use unpack). instance variables are also known as "fields".
• FIFO — First In, First Out. see also LIFO. also a nickname for a named pipe.
• file — a named collection of data, usually stored on disk in a directory in a filesystem. roughly like a document, if you're into office metaphors. in modern filesystems, you can actually give a file more than one name. some files have special properties, like directories and devices. 📄
• file descriptor — the little number the operating system uses to keep track of which opened file you're talking about. Perl hides the file descriptor inside a standard I/O stream, and then attaches that stream to a filehandle.
• fileglob — a "wildcard" match on filenames. see the glob function.
• filehandle — an identifier (not necessarily related to the real name of a file) that represents a particular instance of opening a file, until you close it. if you're going to open and close several different files in succession, it's totally fine to open each of them with the same filehandle — that way you don't have to write out separate code to process each file. reuse, reduce, recycle ♻️
• filename — one name for a file. this name is listed in a directory. you can use it in an open to tell the operating system exactly which file you want to open, and associate the file with a filehandle, which will carry the subsequent identity of that file in your program, until you close it.
• filesystem — a set of directories and files residing on a partition of the disk. sometimes known as a "partition". you can change the file's name, or even move a file around from directory to directory within a filesystem, without actually moving the file itself — at least under Unix. it's giving teleportation 🦋
• file test operator — a built-in unary operator that you use to determine whether something is true about a file, such as -o $filename to test whether you're the owner of the file.
• filter — a program designed to take a stream of input and transform it into a stream of output.
• first-come — bestie, whoever uploads a namespace to PAUSE first just becomes its primary maintainer. That's it, that's the whole rule, no application form 💅. And the "first come" permissions? They're how you tell a primary maintainer who was handed that role apart from one who just... got it automatically. ✨
• flag — ngl we lowkey dodge this word because it means so many things 😭. It might mean a command-line switch that takes no argument itself (like Perl's -n and -p flags, iconic) or, way less often, a single-bit indicator (like the O_CREAT and O_EXCL flags used in sysopen). Sometimes people say it all casual-like to mean certain regex modifiers. It's giving "word doing way too much", fr fr.
• floating point — a way of storing numbers in "scientific notation" so the precision doesn't depend on the magnitude (the decimal point just... floats 🦋). Perl does its numeric work with floating-point numbers (sometimes called "floats") whenever it can't get away with using integers. Heads up though: floating-point numbers are mere approximations of real numbers. Not the real thing. An approximation. We said what we said. 🫶
• flush — the act of emptying a buffer, often before it's even full. Like clearing your camera roll mid-scroll. 💅
• FMTEYEWTK — Far More Than Everything You Ever Wanted To Know ✨. It's an exhaustive treatise on one narrow topic, basically a super-FAQ. See Tom for far more. 👑
• foldcase — the casemap used in Unicode when you're comparing or matching without caring about case. Comparing lower-, title-, or uppercase is all unreliable because Unicode's case mappings are complex and one-to-many 😵. Foldcase is a lowercase variant (using a partially decomposed normalization form for certain codepoints) made specifically to fix that. It's the main character of case-insensitive matching.
• fork — to create a child process identical to the parent process at that exact moment of conception, at least until the kid gets ideas of its own 🙈. Basically a thread with protected memory. Family drama, but make it OS-level. 💀
• formal arguments — the generic names a subroutine uses to know its arguments. Loads of languages give formal arguments individual names every time; in Perl the formal arguments are just the elements of an array, periodt. The formal arguments to a Perl program are $ARGV[0], $ARGV[1], and so on. Same energy for a subroutine: the formal arguments are $_[0], $_[1], and so on. You can hand them individual names by assigning those values to a my list 🎀. See also actual arguments.
• format — a spec for how many spaces and digits and things to put where, so that whatever you're printing comes out nice and pretty. ✨
• freely available — means you don't have to pay money to get it 💸, BUT the copyright on it may still belong to someone else (like Larry). Free to have, not free to own, iykyk.
• freely redistributable — means you're not in legal trouble if you give a bootleg copy of it to your friends and we find out about it. In fact, we'd rather you gave a copy to all your friends. 🫶 Share the wealth, bestie.
• freeware — historically, any software you give away, especially if you also make the source code available. Nowadays usually called open source software. Recently there's been a trend of using the term in contradistinction to open source software, meaning only free software released under the Free Software Foundation's GPL (General Public License) — but that's difficult to justify etymologically, bestie. 🤷
• function — mathematically, a mapping of each of a set of input values to a particular output value. In computers, it means a subroutine or operator that returns a value. It may or may not have input values (those are called arguments). 💅
• funny character — someone like Larry, or one of his peculiar friends 😭. Also refers to the strange prefixes Perl requires as noun markers on its variables. ($, @, %... the whole squad. 💖)

---

🎀 G 🎀

• garbage collection — a misnamed feature, honestly. It should be called "expecting your mother to pick up after you" 😭. Strictly speaking, Perl doesn't do this, but it relies on a reference-counting mechanism to keep things tidy. However, we rarely speak strictly and will often call that reference-counting scheme a form of garbage collection. (And if it's any comfort: when your interpreter exits, a "real" garbage collector runs to make sure everything's cleaned up, in case you've been messy with circular references and such. 🙈)
• GID — Group ID. In Unix, the numeric group ID that the operating system uses to identify you and the members of your group. 👑
• glob — strictly, the shell's * character, which will match a "glob" of characters when you're trying to generate a list of filenames. Loosely, the act of using globs and similar symbols to do pattern matching. See also fileglob and typeglob. 🌈
• global — something you can see from anywhere; usually said of variables and subroutines that are visible everywhere in your program. In Perl, only certain special variables are truly global — most variables (and all subroutines) exist only in the current package. Global variables can be declared with our ✨. See "Global Declarations" in Camel chapter 4, "Statements and Declarations".
• global destruction — the garbage collection of globals (plus the running of any associated object destructors) that happens when a Perl interpreter is being shut down. Global destruction should not be confused with the Apocalypse — except perhaps when it should. 💀🔥
• glue language — a language like Perl that's really good at hooking things together that were never, ever intended to be hooked together. It's giving matchmaker. 🫶
• granularity — the size of the pieces you're dealing with, mentally speaking. 🧠✨
• grapheme — a graphene is an allotrope of carbon arranged in a hexagonal crystal lattice one atom thick. A grapheme, or more fully, a grapheme cluster string, is a single user-visible character — which may in turn be several characters (codepoints) long. For example, a carriage return plus a line feed is a single grapheme but two characters, while a "ȫ" is a single grapheme but one, two, or even three characters, depending on normalization. Unicode said "why be simple when you could be ✨complex✨" 😭
• greedy — a subpattern whose quantifier wants to match as many things as possible. Not me?? (It is me.)
• grep — originally from the old Unix editor command for "Globally search for a Regular Expression and Print it", and now used in the general sense of any kind of search, especially text searches. Perl has a built-in grep function that searches a list for elements matching any given criterion, whereas the grep(1) program searches for lines matching a regular expression in one or more files. Same name, different eras, both iconic. 👑
• group — a set of users of which you are a member. On some operating systems (like Unix), you can give certain file access permissions to other members of your group. 💅
• GV — short for an internal "glob value" typedef, holding a typeglob. The GV type is a subclass of SV.

---

🦋 H 🦋

• hacker — someone who is brilliantly persistent at solving technical problems, whether those involve golfing, fighting orcs, or programming 🗡️. "Hacker" is a neutral term, morally speaking. Good hackers are not to be confused with evil crackers or clueless script kiddies. And if you do confuse them, we will presume you're either evil or clueless. No cap. 🫶
• handler — a subroutine or method that Perl calls when your program needs to respond to some internal event, like a signal, or an encounter with an operator that's subject to operator overloading. See also callback. ✨
• hard reference — a scalar value containing the actual address of a referent, such that the referent's reference count accounts for it. (Some hard references are held internally, like the implicit reference from one of a typeglob's variable slots to its corresponding referent.) A hard reference is different from a symbolic reference. 💅
• hash — an unordered association of key/value pairs, stored so you can easily use a string key to look up its associated data value. This whole glossary is like a hash, bestie — the word being defined is the key, and the definition is the value 🎀. A hash is also sometimes, septisyllabically, called an "associative array", which is a pretty good reason to just call it a "hash" instead. 😭
• hash table — a data structure Perl uses internally to implement associative arrays (hashes) efficiently. See also bucket. 🌸
• header file — a file containing certain required definitions that you must include "ahead" of the rest of your program to do certain obscure operations. A C header file has a .h extension. Perl doesn't really have header files, though historically it has sometimes used translated .h files with a .ph extension. See require in Camel chapter 27, "Functions". (Header files have been superseded by the module mechanism.) 📦
• here document — so called because of a similar construct in shells that pretends the lines following the command are a separate file to be fed to that command, up to some terminating string. In Perl, though, it's just a fancy form of quoting. Fancy!! ✨
• hexadecimal — a number in base 16, "hex" for short. The digits for 10 through 15 are customarily represented by the letters a through f. Hexadecimal constants in Perl start with 0x. See also the hex function in Camel chapter 27, "Functions". 🔢
• home directory — the directory you get dropped into when you log in 🏠. On a Unix system, the name is often placed into $ENV{HOME} or $ENV{LOGDIR} by login, but you can also find it with (getpwuid($<))[7]. (Some platforms don't even have a concept of a home directory. Sad.) 😭
• host — the computer on which a program or other data resides. 💻
• hubris — excessive pride, the sort of thing Zeus zaps you for ⚡. Also the quality that makes you write (and maintain) programs that other people won't want to say bad things about. Hence, the third great virtue of a programmer. See also laziness and impatience. 👑
• HV — short for a "hash value" typedef, which holds Perl's internal representation of a hash. The HV type is a subclass of SV.

---

💜 I 💜

• identifier — a legally formed name for pretty much anything in which a computer program might be interested. Lots of languages (Perl included) let identifiers start with an alphabetic character and then contain alphabetics and digits. Perl also allows connector punctuation like the underscore character anywhere it allows alphabetics 🎀. (Perl also has more complicated names, like qualified names.) 💅

impatience 💀

okay so impatience</p> is that rage you feel when the computer is being lazy. It makes you write programs that don't just react to what you need — they anticipate it. Or, at the very least, they pretend to. Hence, the second great virtue of a programmer. See also laziness and hubris.

implementation 🛠️

How a piece of code actually goes about doing its job. Real talk: users of the code should not count on implementation details staying the same — unless those details are part of the published interface.

import 📥

To gain access to symbols that are exported from another module. See "use" in Camel chapter 27, "Functions".

increment ➕

To increase the value of something by 1 — or by some other number, if so specified.

indexing 🔍

Back in the olden days, this was the act of looking up a key in an actual index (think: a phone book). But now it's merely the act of using any kind of key or position to find the corresponding value, even if no index is involved at all. Things have lowkey degenerated to the point that Perl's index function merely locates the position (index) of one string in another.

indirect filehandle 🎀

An expression that evaluates to something that can be used as a filehandle: a string (filehandle name), a typeglob, a typeglob reference, or a low-level IO object.

indirection 🌀

If something in a program isn't the value you're looking for but indicates where the value is, that's indirection. This can be done with either symbolic references or hard.

indirect object 👑

In English grammar, a short noun phrase between a verb and its direct object indicating the beneficiary or recipient of the action. In Perl, print STDOUT "$foo\n"; can be understood as "verb indirect-object object", where STDOUT is the recipient of the print action, and $foo is the object being printed. Similarly, when invoking a method, you might place the invocant in the dative slot between the method and its arguments:

$gollum = new Pathetic::Creature "Sméagol";
give $gollum "Fisssssh!";
give $gollum "Precious!";

indirect object slot 🪑

The syntactic position falling between a method call and its arguments when using the indirect object invocation syntax. (The slot is distinguished by the absence of a comma between it and the next argument.) STDERR is in the indirect object slot here:

print STDERR "Awake! Awake! Fear, Fire, Foes! Awake!\n";

infix ✖️

An operator that comes in between its operands, such as multiplication in 24 * 7.

inheritance 🧬

What you get from your ancestors, genetically or otherwise. If you happen to be a class, your ancestors are called base classes and your descendants are called derived classes. See single inheritance and multiple inheritance.

instance 🦋

Short for "an instance of a class" — meaning an object of that class.

instance data 💾

See instance variable.

instance method 🎯

A method of an object, as opposed to a class method.

A method whose invocant is an object, not a package name. Every object of a class shares all the methods of that class, so an instance method applies to all instances of the class, rather than applying to a particular instance. Also see class method.

instance variable 📦

An attribute of an object; data stored with the particular object rather than with the class as a whole.

integer 🔢

A number with no fractional (decimal) part. A counting number, like 1, 2, 3, and so on — but including 0 and the negatives too.

interface 🤝

The services a piece of code promises to provide forever, in contrast to its implementation, which it should feel free to change whenever it likes.

interpolation ✨

The insertion of a scalar or list value somewhere in the middle of another value, such that it appears to have been there all along. In Perl, variable interpolation happens in double-quoted strings and patterns, and list interpolation occurs when constructing the list of values to pass to a list operator or other such construct that takes a LIST.

interpreter 🧠

Strictly speaking, a program that reads a second program and does what the second program says directly — without turning the program into a different form first, which is what compilers do. Perl is not an interpreter by this definition, because it contains a kind of compiler that takes a program and turns it into a more executable form (syntax trees) within the perl process itself, which the Perl runtime system then interprets.

invocant 💅

The agent on whose behalf a method is invoked. In a class method, the invocant is a package name. In an instance method, the invocant is an object reference.

invocation 📣

The act of calling up a deity, daemon, program, method, subroutine, or function to get it to do what you think it's supposed to do. We usually "call" subroutines but "invoke" methods, since it sounds cooler.

I/O 📁

Input from, or output to, a file or device.

IO 🧩

An internal I/O object. Can also mean indirect object.

I/O layer 🧅

One of the filters between the data and what you get as input or what you end up with as output.

IPA 🍺

India Pale Ale. Also the International Phonetic Alphabet, the standard alphabet used for phonetic notation worldwide. Draws heavily on Unicode, including many combining characters.

IP 🌐

Internet Protocol, or Intellectual Property.

IPC 📡

Interprocess Communication.

is-a 🐪

A relationship between two objects in which one object is considered to be a more specific version of the other, generic object: "A camel is a mammal." Since the generic object really only exists in a Platonic sense, we usually add a little abstraction to the notion of objects and think of the relationship as being between a generic base class and a specific derived class. Oddly enough, Platonic classes don't always have Platonic relationships — see inheritance.

iteration 🔁

Doing something repeatedly.

iterator 🎡

A special programming gizmo that keeps track of where you are in something that you're trying to iterate over. The foreach loop in Perl contains an iterator; so does a hash, allowing you to each through it.

IV 4️⃣

The integer four, not to be confused with six, Tom's favorite editor. IV also means an internal Integer Value of the type a scalar can hold, not to be confused with an NV.

---

🎀 J 🎀

JAPH 🌸

"Just Another Perl Hacker", a clever but cryptic bit of Perl code that, when executed, evaluates to that string. Often used to illustrate a particular Perl feature, and something of an ongoing Obfuscated Perl Contest seen in USENET signatures.

---

🎀 K 🎀

key 🔑

The string index to a hash, used to look up the value associated with that key.

keyword 🏷️

See reserved words.

---

🎀 L 🎀

label 🏷️

A name you give to a statement so that you can talk about that statement elsewhere in the program.

laziness 😴

The quality that makes you go to great effort to reduce overall energy expenditure. It makes you write labor-saving programs that other people will find useful, and then document what you wrote so you don't have to answer so many questions about it. Hence, the first great virtue of a programmer. Also hence, this book. See also impatience and hubris.

leftmost longest ⬅️➡️

The preference of the regular expression engine to match the leftmost occurrence of a pattern, then — given a position at which a match will occur — the preference for the longest match (presuming the use of a greedy quantifier). See Camel chapter 5, "Pattern Matching" for much more on this subject.

left shift ⏪

A bit shift that multiplies the number by some power of 2.

lexeme 🔤

Fancy term for a token.

lexer 🔧

Fancy term for a tokener.

lexical analysis 🧪

Fancy term for tokenizing.

lexical scoping 🔬

Looking at your Oxford English Dictionary through a microscope. (Also known as static scoping, because dictionaries don't change very fast.) Similarly, looking at variables stored in a private dictionary (namespace) for each scope, which are visible only from their point of declaration down to the end of the lexical scope in which they are declared. —Syn. static scoping. —Ant. dynamic scoping.

lexical variable 🫧

A variable subject to lexical scoping, declared by my. Often just called a "lexical". (The our declaration declares a lexically scoped name for a global variable, which is not itself a lexical variable.)

library 📚

Generally, a collection of procedures. In ancient days, referred to a collection of subroutines in a .pl file. In modern times, refers more often to the entire collection of Perl modules on your system.

LIFO 🥞

Last In, First Out. See also FIFO. A LIFO is usually called a stack.

line ➖

In Unix, a sequence of zero or more nonnewline characters terminated with a newline character. On non-Unix machines, this is emulated by the C library even if the underlying operating system has different ideas.

linebreak ↩️

A grapheme consisting of either a carriage return followed by a line feed or any character with the Unicode Vertical Space character property.

line buffering 🚰

Used by a standard I/O output stream that flushes its buffer after every newline. Many standard I/O libraries automatically set up line buffering on output that is going to the terminal.

line number 🔢

The number of lines read previous to this one, plus 1. Perl keeps a separate line number for each source or input file it opens. The current source file's line number is represented by __LINE__. The current input line number (for the file that was most recently read via <FH>) is represented by the $. ($INPUT_LINE_NUMBER) variable. Many error messages report both values, if available.

link 🔗

Used as a noun, a name in a directory that represents a file. A given file can have multiple links to it. It's like having the same phone number listed in the phone directory under different names. As a verb, to resolve a partially compiled file's unresolved symbols into a (nearly) executable image. Linking can generally be static or dynamic, which has nothing to do with static or dynamic scoping.

• LIST — a syntactic thingy that represents a comma-separated list of expressions, which gets evaluated so it produces a list value. Every single expression inside a LIST gets evaluated in list context and then interpolated into the list value. bestie it's a whole assembly line 💅
• list — an ordered set of scalar values. that's it, that's the vibe ✨
• list context — the situation where an expression's surroundings (aka the code that called it) expect it to hand back a list of values instead of just one single value. Functions that want a LIST of arguments are basically telling those arguments "hey, produce a list value for me okay". also peep context 🌸
• list operator — an operator that does stuff with a list of values, like join or grep. usually this term is for the named built-in operators (think print, unlink, and system) that don't need parentheses around their argument list. so chill of them fr fr 🫶
• list value — an unnamed list of temporary scalar values that can get passed around inside a program, going from any list-generating function to any function or construct that hands out a list context. no name, all vibes ✨
• literal — a token in a programming language, like a number or a string, that gives you an actual value instead of just representing possible values the way a variable does. it's giving ✨main character value✨ no cap
• little-endian — straight from Swift: someone who eats eggs little end first 🥚. also used for computers that store the least significant byte of a word at a lower byte address than the most significant byte. often considered superior to big-endian machines 😌👑. peep big-endian too.
• local — ngl it does NOT mean the same thing everywhere. a global variable in Perl can be localized inside a dynamic scope using the local operator. context is everything 💅
• logical operator — symbols that represent the concepts "and", "or", "xor", and "not". the lil booleans of the family 🧠
• lookahead — an assertion that sneaks a lil peek at the string to the right of the current match location. 👀
• lookbehind — an assertion that peeks at the string to the left of the current match location. also 👀 but backwards
• loop — a construct that performs something repeatedly, like a roller coaster 🎢. periodt
• loop control statement — any statement chillin' inside the body of a loop that can make the loop stop early or skip an iteration. generally speaking, you should NOT try this on roller coasters 🎢💀
• loop label — a kind of key or name attached to a loop (or a roller coaster) so that loop control statements can specify which loop they wanna control. communication is key bestie 📢
• lowercase — in Unicode, this isn't just characters with the General Category of Lowercase Letter — it's ANY character with the Lowercase property, which includes Modifier Letters, Letter Numbers, some Other Symbols, and one Combining Mark. sneaky lil things 😭
• lvaluable — able to serve as an lvalue. short and sweet ✨
• lvalue — the term language lawyers use for a storage location you can assign a new value to, like a variable or an element of an array. the "l" is short for "left", as in the left side of an assignment, which is the typical spot for lvalues. an lvaluable function or expression is one you can assign a value to, like in pos($x) = 10. 📍
• lvalue modifier — an adjectival pseudofunction that warps the meaning of an lvalue in some declarative fashion. currently there are exactly three lvalue modifiers: my, our, and local. the whole squad 🫶

---

💖 M 💖

• magic — technically speaking, any extra semantics attached to a variable like $!, $0, %ENV, or %SIG, or to any tied variable. magical things happen when you diddle those variables ✨🪄
• magical increment — an increment operator that knows how to bump up ASCII alphabetics and numbers. it contains multitudes 🔥
• magical variables — special variables that have side effects when you access them or assign to them. for example, in Perl, changing elements of the %ENV array also changes the corresponding environment variables that subprocesses will use. and reading the $! variable hands you the current system error number or message. they're literally magic, we don't make the rules 🪄💜
• Makefile — a file that controls the compilation of a program. Perl programs don't usually need a Makefile because the Perl compiler has plenty of self-control 😌💅
• man — the Unix program that displays online documentation (manual pages) for you. your bestie for when you forget a flag 🫶
• manpage — a "page" from the manuals, typically accessed via the man(1) command. a manpage contains a SYNOPSIS, a DESCRIPTION, a list of BUGS, and so on, and it's typically longer than a page. there are manpages documenting commands, syscalls, library functions, devices, protocols, files, and such. in this book, we call any piece of standard Perl documentation (like perlop or perldelta) a manpage, no matter what format it's installed in on your system. iconic behavior tbh 📄✨
• matching — peep pattern matching 👀
• member data — peep instance variable 🌸
• memory — this ALWAYS means your main memory, not your disk. the thing clouding the issue is that your machine may implement virtual memory; that is, it'll pretend it has more memory than it really does, and it'll use disk space to hold inactive bits. this can make it seem like you have a lil more memory than you actually do, but it's NOT a substitute for real memory. the best thing that can be said about virtual memory is that it lets your performance degrade gradually instead of suddenly when you run out of real memory. but your program can die when you run out of virtual memory too — if you haven't thrashed your disk to death first 💀🔥
• metacharacter — a character that isn't supposed to be treated normally. which characters get treated specially as metacharacters varies wildly from context to context. your shell has certain metacharacters, double-quoted Perl strings have other metacharacters, and regular expression patterns have all the double-quote metacharacters plus some extra ones of their own. choose your fighter 💅
• metasymbol — something we'd call a metacharacter except that it's a sequence of more than one character. generally, the first character in the sequence has to be a true metacharacter to get the other characters in the metasymbol to misbehave along with it. peer pressure fr fr 😤
• method — a kind of action that an object can take if you tell it to. peep Camel chapter 12, "Objects" 📚
• method resolution order — the path Perl takes through @INC. by default, this is a double depth first search — once looking for defined methods and once for AUTOLOAD. however, Perl lets you configure this with mro. you're in the driver's seat bestie 🚗
• minicpan — a CPAN mirror that includes just the latest versions for each distribution, probably created with CPAN::Mini. peep Camel chapter 19, "CPAN" 🌈
• minimalism — the belief that "small is beautiful". paradoxically, if you say something in a small language, it turns out big, and if you say it in a big language, it turns out small. go figure 💀
• mode — in the context of the stat(2) syscall, this refers to the field holding the permission bits and the type of the file. 🔐
• modifier — peep statement modifier, regular expression, and lvalue, not necessarily in that order 😭
• module — a file that defines a package of (almost) the same name, which can either export symbols or function as an object class. (a module's main .pm file may also load in other files in support of the module.) peep the use built-in 🫶
• modulus — an integer divisor for when you're interested in the remainder instead of the quotient. the leftovers of math 🍓
• mojibake — when you speak one language and the computer thinks you're speaking another. you'll see odd translations when you send UTF‑8, for instance, but the computer thinks you sent Latin-1, showing all sorts of weird characters instead. the term is written 「文字化け」 in Japanese and means "character rot", which is a super apt description. pronounced ["modʑibake"] in standard IPA phonetics, or approximately "moh-jee-bah-keh" 😭💀
• monger — short for one member of Perl mongers, a purveyor of Perl. go off 👑
• mortal — a temporary value scheduled to die when the current statement finishes. rip bestie 🥀
• mro — peep method resolution order ✨
• multidimensional array — an array with multiple subscripts for finding a single element. Perl implements these using references — peep Camel chapter 9, "Data Structures" 📚
• multiple inheritance — the features you got from your mother and father, mixed together unpredictably. (peep also inheritance and single inheritance.) in computer languages (including Perl), it's the notion that a given class may have multiple direct ancestors or base classes. it's giving family reunion 🌈

---

✨ N ✨

• named pipe — a pipe with a name embedded in the filesystem so that two unrelated processes can access it. connecting the dots 🔗
• namespace — a domain of names. you needn't worry about whether the names in one such domain have been used in another. peep package 🌸
• NaN — Not a number. the value Perl uses for certain invalid or inexpressible floating-point operations. math said "no comment" 💀
• network address — the most important attribute of a socket, like your telephone's telephone number. typically an IP address. peep also port 📞
• newline — a single character that represents the end of a line, with the ASCII value of 012 octal under Unix (but 015 on a Mac), and represented by "\n" in Perl strings. for Windows machines writing text files, and for certain physical devices like terminals, the single newline gets automatically translated by your C library into a line feed and a carriage return, but normally, no translation is done. the drama of line endings 😭
• NFS — Network File System, which allows you to mount a remote filesystem as if it were local. long distance relationship but make it files 💅
• normalization — converting a text string into an alternate but equivalent canonical (or compatible) representation that can then be compared for equivalence. Unicode recognizes four different normalization forms: NFD, NFC, NFKD, and NFKC. get you a text that can do both ✨
• null character — a character with the numeric value of zero. C uses it to terminate strings, but Perl allows strings to contain a null. Perl said "we don't do that here" to limitations 😌
• null list — a list value with zero elements, represented in Perl by (). empty but valid bestie 🤍
• null string — a string containing no characters, NOT to be confused with a string containing a null character, which has a positive length and is true. do not mix these up, i'm begging 🫠
• numeric context — the situation in which an expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a number. peep also context and string context 🔢

numification ✨

(Also sometimes spelled nummification and nummify, bestie — yes, the extra m is load-bearing lore.)

Perl lingo for implicit conversion into a number, and the related verb is numify. The word is intended to rhyme with mummification, and numify with mummify. It is unrelated to English numen, numina, numinous, okay?? We originally forgot the extra m a long, long time ago, and some people just got used to our funny spelling, so — exactly like "HTTP_REFERER"’s own missing letter — our weird spelling has stuck around. Iconic, honestly. 💅

NV 🎰

Short for Nevada, no part of which will ever be confused with civilization. 🙈

NV also means an internal floating-point Numeric Value of the type a scalar can hold — and no, do not confuse it with an IV, that's a whole different girl.

nybble 🍓

Half a byte. Equivalent to one hexadecimal digit, and worth four bits. Baby byte. tiny. precious. 🥺

---

O 🌈

object 👑

An instance of a class. Something that "knows" what user-defined type (class) it is, and what it can do because of what class it is. Your program can request an object to do things, but the object gets to decide whether it wants to do them or not. Some objects are more accommodating than others. 💀

octal 🔢

A number in base 8. Only the digits 0 through 7 are allowed. Octal constants in Perl start with 0, as in 013. See also the oct function.

offset 📏

How many things you have to skip over when moving from the beginning of a string or array to a specific position within it. So the minimum offset is zero, not one — because you don't skip anything to get to the first item. Zero-indexed girlies stay winning. ✨

one-liner 🥡

An entire computer program crammed into one line of text. Little snack-sized program. no cap.

open source software 🫶

Programs for which the source code is freely available and freely redistributable, with no commercial strings attached. For a more detailed definition, see http://www.opensource.org/osd.html.

operand 🧮

An expression that yields a value that an operator operates on. See also precedence.

operating system 💻

A special program that runs on the bare machine and hides the gory details of managing processes and devices. Usually used in a looser sense to indicate a particular culture of programming. And the loose sense can be used at varying levels of specificity:

• At one extreme, you might say that all versions of Unix and Unix-lookalikes are the same operating system (upsetting many people, especially lawyers and other advocates).
• At the other extreme, you could say this particular version of this particular vendor's operating system is different from any other version of this or any other vendor's operating system.

Perl is much more portable across operating systems than many other languages. See also architecture and platform.

operator 🛠️

A gizmo that transforms some number of input values to some number of output values, often built into a language with a special syntax or symbol. A given operator may have specific expectations about what types of data you give as its arguments (operands) and what type of data you want back from it. Gizmo says: read the room and give me the right type. 😤

operator overloading 🎭

A kind of overloading that you can do on built-in operators to make them work on objects as if the objects were ordinary scalar values, but with the actual semantics supplied by the object class. This is set up with the overload pragma — see Camel chapter 13, "Overloading".

options 🎛️

See either switches or regular expression modifiers.

ordinal 🔡

An abstract character's integer value. Same thing as codepoint.

overloading 🧩

Giving additional meanings to a symbol or construct. Actually, all languages do overloading to one extent or another, since people are good at figuring out things from context. 🤷♀️

overriding 🫥

Hiding or invalidating some other definition of the same name. (Not to be confused with overloading, which adds definitions that must be disambiguated some other way.) To confuse the issue further, we use the word with two overloaded definitions: to describe how you can define your own subroutine to hide a built-in function of the same name (see the section "Overriding Built-in Functions" in Camel chapter 11, "Modules"), and to describe how you can define a replacement method in a derived class to hide a base class's method of the same name (see Camel chapter 12, "Objects").

bestie the word "overloaded" is doing acrobatics in that sentence and I need you to simply accept it 💖

owner 🔐

The one user (apart from the superuser) who has absolute control over a file. A file may also have a group of users who may exercise joint ownership if the real owner permits it. See permission bits.

---

P 🌈

package 📦

A namespace for global variables, subroutines, and the like, such that they can be kept separate from like-named symbols in other namespaces. In a sense, only the package is global, since the symbols in the package's symbol table are only accessible from code compiled outside the package by naming the package. But in another sense, all package symbols are also globals — they're just well-organized globals. ✨

pad 🛋️

Short for scratchpad.

parameter 📥

See argument.

parent class 👪

See base class.

parse tree 🌳

See syntax tree.

parsing 🪄

The subtle but sometimes brutal art of attempting to turn your possibly malformed program into a valid syntax tree.

patch 🩹

To fix by applying one, as it were. In the realm of hackerdom, a listing of the differences between two versions of a program as might be applied by the patch(1) program when you want to fix a bug or upgrade your old version.

PATH 🗺️

The list of directories the system searches to find a program you want to execute. The list is stored as one of your environment variables, accessible in Perl as $ENV{PATH}.

pathname 📁

A fully qualified filename such as /usr/bin/perl. Sometimes confused with "PATH". (they are NOT the same girl, ok)

pattern 🧵

A template used in pattern matching.

pattern matching 🔍

Taking a pattern, usually a regular expression, and trying the pattern various ways on a string to see whether there's any way to make it fit. Often used to pick interesting tidbits out of a file.

PAUSE 🚦

The Perl Authors Upload SErver (http://pause.perl.org), the gateway for modules on their way to CPAN.

Perl mongers 🧑‍🤝‍🧑

A Perl user group, taking the form of its name from the New York Perl mongers, the first Perl user group. Find one near you at http://www.pm.org. go make friends, bestie 🫶

permission bits 🔑

Bits that the owner of a file sets or unsets to allow or disallow access to other people. These flag bits are part of the mode word returned by the stat built-in when you ask about a file. On Unix systems, you can check the ls(1) manpage for more information.

Pern 💀

What you get when you do Perl++ twice. Doing it only once will curl your hair. You have to increment it eight times to shampoo your hair. Lather, rinse, iterate. 🧴

phaser ⏳

The lifetime (execution timeline) of a program is broken up into phases. A phaser is a block of code called during a specific execution phase.

pipe 🚰

A direct connection that carries the output of one process to the input of another without an intermediate temporary file. Once the pipe is set up, the two processes in question can read and write as if they were talking to a normal file, with some caveats.

pipeline 🚂

A series of processes all in a row, linked by pipes, where each passes its output stream to the next.

platform 🏗️

The entire hardware and software context in which a program runs. A program written in a platform-dependent language might break if you change any of the following: machine, operating system, libraries, compiler, or system configuration. The perl interpreter has to be compiled differently for each platform because it is implemented in C, but programs written in the Perl language are largely platform independent. 💪

pod 📝

The markup used to embed documentation into your Perl code. Pod stands for "Plain old documentation". See Camel chapter 23, "Plain Old Documentation".

pod command 👉

A sequence, such as =head1, that denotes the start of a pod section.

pointer 📌

A variable in a language like C that contains the exact memory location of some other item. Perl handles pointers internally so you don't have to worry about them. Instead, you just use symbolic pointers in the form of keys and variable names, or hard references, which aren't pointers (but act like pointers and do in fact contain pointers).

polymorphism 🦋

The notion that you can tell an object to do something generic, and the object will interpret the command in different ways depending on its type. [< Greek πολυ- + μορϕή, many forms.]

port 🚪

The part of the address of a TCP or UDP socket that directs packets to the correct process after finding the right machine, something like the phone extension you give when you reach the company operator. Also the result of converting code to run on a different platform than originally intended, or the verb denoting this conversion.

portable 🧳

Once upon a time, C code compilable under both BSD and SysV. In general, code that can be easily converted to run on another platform, where "easily" can be defined however you like, and usually is. Anything may be considered portable if you try hard enough, such as a mobile home or London Bridge. 😭

porter 🚚

Someone who "carries" software from one platform to another. Porting programs written in platform-dependent languages such as C can be difficult work, but porting programs like Perl is very much worth the agony.

possessive 🙅♀️

Said of quantifiers and groups in patterns that refuse to give up anything once they've gotten their mitts on it. Catchier and easier to say than the even more formal nonbacktrackable.

POSIX 🏛️

The Portable Operating System Interface specification.

postfix ➡️

An operator that follows its operand, as in $x++.

pp ⚙️

An internal shorthand for a "push-pop" code; that is, C code implementing Perl's stack machine.

pragma 🪧

A standard module whose practical hints and suggestions are received (and possibly ignored) at compile time. Pragmas are named in all lowercase.

✨ P ✨ (the sequel, bestie)

• precedence — the rules of the group chat that decide who goes first when nobody @'d anyone. No parentheses? Then multiplication ALWAYS happens before addition, no debate, no takebacks. 💅
• prefix — an operator that stands in front of its operand, like ++$x. It's giving front-row energy.
• preprocessing — whatever some helper process did to your incoming data to make it cuter and more usable before the current process even looked at it. Often happens with an incoming pipe. See also C preprocessor. 🫶
• primary maintainer — the author that PAUSE lets assign co-maintainer permissions to a namespace. A primary maintainer can give up this distinction by handing it to another PAUSE author. See Camel chapter 19, “CPAN”.
• procedure — a subroutine. That's it, that's the whole entry. 💀
• process — one instance of a running program. On multitasking systems like Unix, two or more separate processes can be running the same program independently at the exact same time — in fact, the fork function exists specifically to bring about this happy state of affairs. On other operating systems, processes are sometimes called “threads”, “tasks”, or “jobs”, usually with little nuanced differences in meaning. ✨
• program — see script.
• program generator — a system that algorithmically writes code for you in a high-level language. See also code generator.
• progressive matching — pattern matching that picks up right where it left off before. Iconic behavior honestly. 🔥
• property — see either instance variable or character property.
• protocol — in networking, an agreed-upon way of sending messages back and forth so neither correspondent gets too confused. It's boundaries, but make it packets. 🎀
• prototype — an optional part of a subroutine declaration that tells the Perl compiler how many and what flavor of arguments may be passed as actual arguments, so you can write subroutine calls that parse much like built-in functions. (Or don't parse. As the case may be. 🙈)
• pseudofunction — a construct that sometimes looks like a function but really isn't. Usually reserved for lvalue modifiers like my, for context modifiers like scalar, and for the pick-your-own-quotes constructs, q//, qq//, qx//, qw//, qr//, m//, s///, y///, and tr///.
• pseudohash — formerly, a reference to an array whose initial element happens to hold a reference to a hash. You used to be able to treat a pseudohash reference as either an array reference or a hash reference. Pseudohashes are no longer supported. 👑 (rest in peace, queen)
• pseudoliteral — an operator that looks something like a literal, such as the output-grabbing operator, <literal moreinfo="none">`command`</literal>.
• public domain — something not owned by anybody. Perl is copyrighted and is thus not in the public domain — it's just freely available and freely redistributable. No cap. 💖
• pumpkin — a notional “baton” handed around the Perl community indicating who is the lead integrator in some arena of development. 🎃
• pumpking — a pumpkin holder, the person in charge of pumping the pump, or at least priming it. Must be willing to play the part of the Great Pumpkin now and then.
• PV — a “pointer value”, which is Perl Internals Talk for a char*. 🌈

---

🌸 Q 🌸

• qualified — possessing a complete name. The symbol $Ent::moot is qualified; $moot is unqualified. A fully qualified filename is specified from the top-level directory. Main character naming rights, honestly. 🦋
• quantifier — a component of a regular expression specifying how many times the foregoing atom may occur. Like "how many times did you replay that song" energy.

---

💜 R 💜

• race condition — a race condition exists when the result of several interrelated events depends on the ordering of those events, but that order cannot be guaranteed due to nondeterministic timing effects. If two or more programs, or parts of the same program, try to go through the same series of events, one might interrupt the work of the other. This is a good way to find an exploit. 👀

lowkey terrifying, highkey a security problem

• readable — with respect to files, one that has the proper permission bit set to let you access the file. With respect to computer programs, one that's written well enough that someone actually has a chance of figuring out what it's trying to do. 💅
• reaping — the last rites performed by a parent process on behalf of a deceased child process so that it doesn't remain a zombie. See the wait and waitpid function calls. 🧟
• record — a set of related data values in a file or stream, often associated with a unique key field. In Unix, often commensurate with a line, or a blank-line–terminated set of lines (a “paragraph”). Each line of the /etc/passwd file is a record, keyed on login name, containing information about that user.
• recursion — the art of defining something (at least partly) in terms of itself, which is a naughty no-no in dictionaries but often works out okay in computer programs if you're careful not to recurse forever (which is like an infinite loop with more spectacular failure modes). 😭
• reference — where you look to find a pointer to information somewhere else. (See indirection.) References come in two flavors: symbolic references and hard references.
• referent — whatever a reference refers to, which may or may not have a name. Common types of referents include scalars, arrays, hashes, and subroutines. Not me having a whole personality I can't put a name to 🫶
• regex — see regular expression.
• regular expression — a single entity with various interpretations, like an elephant. To a computer scientist, it's a grammar for a little language in which some strings are legal and others aren't. To normal people, it's a pattern you can use to find what you're looking for when it varies from case to case. Perl's regular expressions are far from regular in the theoretical sense, but in regular use they work quite well. Here's a regular expression: /Oh s.*t./. This will match strings like “Oh say can you see by the dawn's early light” and “Oh sit!”. See Camel chapter 5, “Pattern Matching”. ✨
• regular expression modifier — an option on a pattern or substitution, such as /i to render the pattern case- insensitive. (that hyphen is doing its own thing, leave it alone 💅)
• regular file — a file that's not a directory, a device, a named pipe or socket, or a symbolic link. Perl uses the –f file test operator to identify regular files. Sometimes called a “plain” file.
• relational operator — an operator that says whether a particular ordering relationship is true about a pair of operands. Perl has both numeric and string relational operators. See collating sequence.
• reserved words — a word with a specific, built-in meaning to a compiler, such as if or delete. In many languages (not Perl), it's illegal to use reserved words to name anything else. (Which is why they're reserved, after all.) In Perl, you just can't use them to name labels or filehandles. Also called “keywords”.
• return value — the value produced by a subroutine or expression when evaluated. In Perl, a return value may be either a list or a scalar. Choose your fighter 🎀
• RFC — Request For Comment, which despite the timid connotations is the name of a series of important standards documents. 👑
• right shift — a bit shift that divides a number by some power of 2.
• role — a name for a concrete set of behaviors. A role is a way to add behavior to a class without inheritance. Composable queen energy 💖
• root — the superuser (UID == 0). Also the top-level directory of the filesystem.
• RTFM — what you are told when someone thinks you should Read The Fine Manual. 😭 (this entire document, basically)
• run phase — any time after Perl starts running your main program. See also compile phase. Run phase is mostly spent in runtime but may also be spent in compile time when require, do FILE, or eval STRING operators are executed, or when a substitution uses the /ee modifier.
• runtime — the time when Perl is actually doing what your code says to do, as opposed to the earlier period of time when it was trying to figure out whether what you said made any sense whatsoever, which is compile time. 🔥
• runtime pattern — a pattern that contains one or more variables to be interpolated before parsing the pattern as a regular expression, and that therefore cannot be analyzed at compile time, but must be reanalyzed each time the pattern match operator is evaluated. Runtime patterns are useful but expensive. 💸
• RV — a recreational vehicle, not to be confused with vehicular recreation. RV also means an internal Reference Value of the type a scalar can hold. See also IV and NV if you're not confused yet. 🙈
• rvalue — a value that you might find on the right side of an assignment. See also lvalue. 🌈

---

🦋 S 🦋

• sandbox — a walled off area that's not supposed to affect anything beyond its walls. You let kids play in the sandbox instead of running in the road. See Camel chapter 20, “Security”. 🏖️
• scalar — a simple, singular value; a number, string, or reference. One thing. Just one. Periodt.
• scalar context — the situation in which an expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a single value rather than a list of values. See also context and list context. A scalar context sometimes imposes additional constraints on the return value — see string context and numeric context. Sometimes we talk about a Boolean context inside conditionals, but this imposes no additional constraints, since any scalar value, whether numeric or string, is already true or false.
• scalar literal — a number or quoted string — an actual value in the text of your program, as opposed to a variable. Hard-coded, no middleman 💅
• scalar value — a value that happens to be a scalar as opposed to a list.
• scalar variable — a variable prefixed with $ that holds a single value.
• scope — from how far away you can see a variable, looking through one. Perl has two visibility mechanisms. It does dynamic scoping of local variables, meaning that the rest of the block, and any subroutines that are called by the rest of the block, can see the variables that are local to the block. Perl does lexical scoping of my variables, meaning that the rest of the block can see the variable, but other subroutines called by the block cannot see the variable. ✨
• scratchpad — the area in which a particular invocation of a particular file or subroutine keeps some of its temporary values, including any lexically scoped variables. 🎀

script

A text file that is a program meant to be run directly — like, executed as-is, not compiled into some other form of file first. No build step, no transformation, just vibes and execution. ✨

Also!! In the Unicode context, a script is a writing system for a particular language or group of languages, such as Greek, Bengali, or Tengwar. Two whole meanings, one word, we love a multitasker. 💅

script kiddie

A cracker who is not a hacker but knows just enough to run canned scripts. A cargo-cult programmer. It's giving "copied the homework but changed the font." 😭

sed

A venerable Stream EDitor from which Perl derives some of its ideas. OG energy. 👑

semaphore

A fancy kind of interlock that stops multiple threads or processes from using up the same resources simultaneously. Think of it as the bathroom key at a gas station but for your memory. 🔑

separator

A character or string that keeps two surrounding strings from being confused with each other. The split function works on separators. Do not confuse it with delimiters or terminators, bestie. The "or" in the previous sentence separated the two alternatives — see how that works? 🎀

serialization

Putting a fancy data structure into linear order so that it can be stored as a string in a disk file or database, or sent through a pipe. Also called marshalling. Flattening the whole squad into one tidy line. 🦋

server

In networking, a process that either advertises a service or just hangs around at a known location and waits for clients who need service to get in touch with it. Stands there, looking cute, waiting to be needed. 🫶

service

Something you do for someone else to make them happy, like giving them the time of day (or of their life). On some machines, well-known services are listed by the getservent function. Acts of kindness, but make it infrastructure. 💖

setgid

Same as setuid, only having to do with giving away group privileges.

setuid

Said of a program that runs with the privileges of its owner rather than (as is usually the case) the privileges of whoever is running it. Also describes the bit in the mode word (permission bits) that controls the feature. This bit must be explicitly set by the owner to enable this feature, and the program must be carefully written not to give away more privileges than it ought to.

⚠️ Lowkey powerful, highkey dangerous. Write that program carefully or it's giving "I left the front door open." 💀

shared memory

A piece of memory accessible by two different processes who otherwise would not see each other's memory. Besties sharing a brain cell, technically. 🧠

shebang

Irish for the whole McGillicuddy. In Perl culture, a portmanteau of "sharp" and "bang", meaning the #! sequence that tells the system where to find the interpreter. The tiny two characters carrying the entire weight of your script. Iconic. 🌟

shell

A command-line interpreter. The program that interactively gives you a prompt, accepts one or more lines of input, and executes the programs you mentioned, feeding each of them their proper arguments and input data. Shells can also execute scripts containing such commands. Under Unix, typical shells include the Bourne shell (/bin/sh), the C shell (/bin/csh), and the Korn shell (/bin/ksh).

Perl is not strictly a shell because it's not interactive (although Perl programs can be interactive). Not me being a shell without the interactive part. 🙈

side effects

Something extra that happens when you evaluate an expression. Nowadays it can refer to almost anything. For example, evaluating a simple assignment statement typically has the "side effect" of assigning a value to a variable. (And you thought assigning the value was your primary intent in the first place!) Likewise, assigning a value to the special variable $| ($AUTOFLUSH) has the side effect of forcing a flush after every write or print on the currently selected filehandle. Plot twist: the side quest was the main quest all along. 😭

sigil

A glyph used in magic. Or, for Perl, the symbol in front of a variable name, such as $, @, and %. Little mystical sparkles that tell you what kind of thing you're holding. ✨🔮

signal

A bolt out of the blue; that is, an event triggered by the operating system, probably when you're least expecting it. ⚡

signal handler

A subroutine that, instead of being content to be called in the normal fashion, sits around waiting for a bolt out of the blue before it will deign to execute. Under Perl, bolts out of the blue are called signals, and you send them with the kill built-in. See the %SIG hash in Camel chapter 25, "Special Names" and the section "Signals" in Camel chapter 15, "Interprocess Communication". Sitting pretty until the drama arrives. 💅

single inheritance

The features you got from your mother, if she told you that you don't have a father. (See also inheritance and multiple inheritance.) In computer languages, the idea that classes reproduce asexually so that a given class can only have one direct ancestor or base class. Perl supplies no such restriction, though you may certainly program Perl that way if you like. One parent, no notes. 🎀

slice

A selection of any number of elements from a list, array, or hash. Take a lil piece, leave the rest. 🍰

slurp

To read an entire file into a string in one operation. Glug glug, whole file, zero chill. 🥤

socket

An endpoint for network communication among multiple processes that works much like a telephone or a post office box. The most important thing about a socket is its network address (like a phone number). Different kinds of sockets have different kinds of addresses — some look like filenames, and some don't. ☎️

soft reference

See symbolic reference.

source filter

A special kind of module that does preprocessing on your script just before it gets to the tokener. Sneaking a lil edit in at the door. 🚪✨

stack

A device you can put things on the top of, and later take them back off in the opposite order in which you put them on. See LIFO. Last in, first out, no cutting the line. 🙅‍♀️

standard

Included in the official Perl distribution, as in a standard module, a standard tool, or a standard Perl manpage. Official merch. 👑

standard error

The default output stream for nasty remarks that don't belong in standard output. Represented within a Perl program by the filehandle STDERR. You can use this stream explicitly, but the die and warn built-ins write to your standard error stream automatically (unless trapped or otherwise intercepted). It's the group chat where the complaints go. 😤

standard input

The default input stream for your program, which if possible shouldn't care where its data is coming from. Represented within a Perl program by the filehandle STDIN. Come as you are, data. 🫶

standard I/O

A standard C library for doing buffered input and output to the operating system. (The "standard" of standard I/O is at most marginally related to the "standard" of standard input and output.) In general, Perl relies on whatever implementation of standard I/O a given operating system supplies, so the buffering characteristics of a Perl program on one machine may not exactly match those on another machine. Normally this only influences efficiency, not semantics. If your standard I/O package is doing block buffering and you want it to flush the buffer more often, just set the $| variable to a true value. Same code, different machine, slightly different buffering — iykyk. 🌈

Standard Library

Everything that comes with the official perl distribution. Some vendor versions of perl change their distributions, leaving out some parts or including extras. See also dual-lived. The full starter pack, unless your vendor got creative. 🎁

standard output

The default output stream for your program, which if possible shouldn't care where its data is going. Represented within a Perl program by the filehandle STDOUT. Main character stream. 💅

statement

A command to the computer about what to do next, like a step in a recipe: "Add marmalade to batter and mix until mixed." A statement is distinguished from a declaration, which doesn't tell the computer to do anything, but just to learn something. Doing vs. learning, fr fr. 📝

statement modifier

A conditional or loop that you put after the statement instead of before, if you know what we mean. Backwards and better for it. 🔥

static

Varying slowly compared to something else. (Unfortunately, everything is relatively stable compared to something else, except for certain elementary particles, and we're not so sure about them.) In computers, where things are supposed to vary rapidly, "static" has a derogatory connotation, indicating a slightly dysfunctional variable, subroutine, or method. In Perl culture, the word is politely avoided. 🫣

If you're a C or C++ programmer, you might be looking for Perl's state keyword.

static method

No such thing. See class method.

static scoping

No such thing. See lexical scoping.

static variable

No such thing. Just use a lexical variable in a scope larger than your subroutine, or declare it with state instead of with my. Problem solved, bestie. 💜

stat structure

A special internal spot in which Perl keeps the information about the last file on which you requested information. Lil filing cabinet in the back. 🗂️

status

The value returned to the parent process when one of its child processes dies. This value is placed in the special variable $?. Its upper eight bits are the exit status of the defunct process, and its lower eight bits identify the signal (if any) that the process died from. On Unix systems, this status value is the same as the status word returned by wait(2). See system in Camel chapter 27, "Functions". A whole autopsy report packed into one tiny variable. 😭

STDERR

See standard error.

STDIN

See standard input.

STDIO

See standard I/O.

STDOUT

See standard output.

stream

A flow of data into or out of a process as a steady sequence of bytes or characters, without the appearance of being broken up into packets. This is a kind of interface — the underlying implementation may well break your data up into separate packets for delivery, but this is hidden from you. Behind the scenes it's chaos; out here it's a smooth lil river. 🌊

string

A sequence of characters such as "He said !@#&%@#?!". A string does not have to be entirely printable. Shoutout to all my unprintable characters, we see you (well, we don't, technically). 🙈

string context

The situation in which an expression is expected by its surroundings (the code calling it) to return a string. See also context and numeric context. Vibe check: are you a string right now? 🎀

stringification

The process of producing a string representation of an abstract object. Making the abstract printable. ✨

struct

C keyword introducing a structure definition or name.

structure

See data structure.

subclass

See derived class.

subpattern

A component of a regular expression pattern. Tiny piece of a bigger pattern, doing its part. 🧩

subroutine

A named or otherwise accessible piece of program that can be invoked from elsewhere in the program in order to accomplish some subgoal of the program. A subroutine is often parameterized to accomplish different but related things depending on its input arguments. If the subroutine returns a meaningful value, it is also called a function. Reusable, reliable, the friend who shows up when you call. 🫶

subscript

A value that indicates the position of a particular array element in an array. The address of one specific item in the lineup. 📍

substitution

Swapping out parts of a string with the s/// operator. 💅 Fun fact: glossary-wise we don't use "substitution" to mean variable interpolation, so don't mix those two up bestie.

substring

A chunk of a string — it kicks off at a certain character position (the offset) and keeps going for a certain number of characters. ✨

superclass

See base class. 🫶

superuser

The person the operating system will let do almost anything. 👑 Typically your system administrator, or, iconic behaviour, someone pretending to be your system administrator. On Unix systems: the root user. On Windows systems: usually the Administrator user.

SV

Short for "scalar value". But inside the Perl interpreter, every referent gets treated like a member of a class derived from SV, in a little object-oriented kind of way. Every value inside Perl gets passed around as a C language SV* pointer. The SV struct knows its own "referent type", and the code is smart enough (we hope 🙈) not to try to call a hash function on a subroutine.

switch

An option you give on a command line to influence how your program works, usually introduced with a minus sign. The word also gets used as a nickname for a switch statement. 🎀

switch cluster

When you squish multiple command-line switches (like -a -b -c) into one single switch (like -abc). ✨ Heads up though: any switch that takes an additional argument has to be the last switch in the cluster, no cap.

switch statement

A program technique where you evaluate an expression and then, based on that expression's value, do a multiway branch to the code that matches. Also called a "case structure", named after the similar Pascal construct. Most switch statements in Perl are spelled given. See "The given statement" in Camel chapter 4, "Statements and Declarations".

😭 Okay important: the given, when keywords and the smartmatch (~~) operator will be removed in Perl 5.42. Grieve, then migrate.

symbol

Generally, any token or metasymbol. Often used more specifically to mean the sort of name you'd find sitting in a symbol table. 🦋

symbolic debugger

A program that lets you step through your program's execution, stopping or printing stuff out here and there to see whether anything went wrong, and if so, what. The "symbolic" part just means you can talk to the debugger using the same symbols your program is written with. So relatable, honestly.

symbolic link

An alternate filename that points to the real filename, which in turn points to the real file. Whenever the operating system is parsing a pathname that contains a symbolic link, it just swaps in the new name and keeps on parsing. Slay. 💫

symbolic reference

A variable whose value is the name of another variable or subroutine. Dereference the first variable and you can get at the second one. Symbolic references are illegal under use strict "refs". 🚫

symbol table

Where a compiler remembers symbols. A program like Perl has to somehow remember every single name of every variable, filehandle, and subroutine you've ever used — it does that by dropping the names into a symbol table, which is implemented in Perl with a hash table. There's a separate symbol table for each package, so every package gets its own namespace. 🌈

synchronous

Programming where the orderly sequence of events can be determined — like, things happen one after the other, not at the same time. 🕰️

syntactic sugar

An alternative way of writing something more easily; a shortcut. 🍓

syntax

From the Greek σύνταξις, "with-arrangement". How things (especially symbols) get put together with each other.

syntax tree

An internal representation of your program where the lower-level constructs dangle off the higher-level constructs that enclose them. Tree-shaped. It's giving ancestry. 🌳

syscall

A function call that goes directly to the operating system. A lot of the important subroutines and functions you use aren't direct system calls — they're built up in one or more layers above the system call level. Generally, Perl programmers don't need to worry about the distinction. But, if you do happen to know which Perl functions are really syscalls, you can predict which of these will set the $! ($ERRNO) variable on failure. 😤 Unfortunately, beginning programmers often confusingly use the term "system call" to mean what happens when you call the Perl system function, which actually involves many syscalls. To dodge all confusion, we nearly always say "syscall" for something you could call indirectly through Perl's syscall function, and never for something you'd call with Perl's system function. Periodt.

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T 🎀

taint checks

The special bookkeeping Perl does to track the flow of external data through your program and disallow its use in system commands. 🔍

tainted

Said of data derived from the grubby hands of a user 🙈, and therefore unsafe for a secure program to rely on. Perl does taint checks if you run a setuid (or setgid) program, or if you use the -T switch.

taint mode

Running under the -T switch, marking all external data as suspect and refusing to use it with system commands. See Camel chapter 20, "Security". 🔒

TCP

Short for Transmission Control Protocol. A protocol wrapped around the Internet Protocol to make an unreliable packet transmission mechanism appear to the application program to be a reliable stream of bytes. (Usually.) 💀

term

Short for a "terminal" — that is, a leaf node of a syntax tree. A thing that functions grammatically as an operand for the operators in an expression. ✨

terminator

A character or string that marks the end of another string. The $/ variable holds the string that terminates a readline operation, which chomp deletes from the end. Not to be confused with delimiters or separators, bestie. The period at the end of this sentence is a terminator. 🎯

ternary

An operator that takes three operands. Sometimes pronounced trinary. 👑

text

A string or file containing primarily printable characters. 💖

thread

Like a forked process, but without fork's inherent memory protection. A thread is lighter weight than a full process, in that a process could have multiple threads running around inside it, all fighting over the same process's memory space unless steps are taken to protect threads from one another. Chaos, honestly. 😭

tie

The bond between a magical variable and its implementation class. See the tie function in Camel chapter 27, "Functions" and Camel chapter 14, "Tied Variables". 🫶

titlecase

The case used for capitals that are followed by lowercase characters instead of by more capitals. Sometimes called sentence case or headline case. English doesn't use Unicode titlecase, but casing rules for English titles are more complicated than simply capitalizing each word's first character. 🙃

TMTOWTDI

There's More Than One Way To Do It, the Perl Motto. The notion that there can be more than one valid path to solving a programming problem in context. (This doesn't mean that more ways are always better, or that all possible paths are equally desirable — just that there need not be One True Way.) 🌈

token

A morpheme in a programming language — the smallest unit of text with semantic significance. ✨

tokener

A module that breaks a program text into a sequence of tokens for later analysis by a parser. 🔧

tokenizing

Splitting up a program text into tokens. Also known as "lexing", in which case you get "lexemes" instead of tokens. 💅

toolbox approach

The notion that, with a complete set of simple tools that work well together, you can build almost anything you want. Which is fine if you're assembling a tricycle, but if you're building a defranishizing comboflux regurgalator, you really want your own machine shop in which to build special tools. Perl is sort of a machine shop. 🛠️

topic

The thing you're working on. Structures like while(<>), for, foreach, and given set the topic for you by assigning to $_, the default (topic) variable. Main character energy, truly. 👑

transliterate

To turn one string representation into another by mapping each character of the source string to its corresponding character in the result string. Not to be confused with translation: for example, Greek πολύχρωμος transliterates into polychromos but translates into many-colored. See the tr/// operator in Camel chapter 5, "Pattern Matching". 🔤

trigger

An event that causes a handler to be run. ⚡

trinary

Not a stellar system with three stars, but an operator taking three operands. Sometimes pronounced ternary. ⭐⭐

troff

A venerable typesetting language from which Perl derives the name of its $% variable and which is secretly used in the production of Camel books. 🤫

true

Any scalar value that doesn't evaluate to 0 or "". 💖

truncating

Emptying a file of its existing contents — either automatically when you open a file for writing, or explicitly via the truncate function. 😭

type

See data type and class.

type casting

Converting data from one type to another. C permits this. Perl does not need it. Nor want it. 💅

typedef

A type definition in the C and C++ languages.

typed lexical

A lexical variable that is declared with a class type: my Pony $bill. 🐴

typeglob

Use of a single identifier, prefixed with *. For example, *name stands for any or all of $name, @name, %name, &name, or just name. How you use it determines whether it's interpreted as all of them or only one. See "Typeglobs and Filehandles" in Camel chapter 2, "Bits and Pieces". ✨

typemap

A description of how C types may be transformed to and from Perl types within an extension module written in XS. 🦋

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U 🌸

UDP

User Datagram Protocol — the typical way to send datagrams over the Internet. 📡

UID

A user ID. Often used in the context of file or process ownership. 👑

umask

A mask of those permission bits that should be forced off when creating files or directories, in order to establish a policy of whom you'll ordinarily deny access to. See the umask function. 🔒

unary operator ✨

okay so a unary operator is an operator that only needs one operand, like ! or chdir. They’re usually prefix operators — meaning they come before their operand. But the ++ and –– operators? They can be either prefix or postfix. (And yes, their position literally changes what they mean. no cap.)

Unicode 🌈

A character set that gathers all the major character sets of the world, more or less. See <http://www.unicode.org>.

Unix 💻

The glossary describes it as: “A very large and constantly evolving language with several alternative and largely incompatible syntaxes, in which anyone can define anything any way they choose, and usually do. Speakers of this language think it’s easy to learn because it’s so easily twisted to one’s own ends, but dialectical differences make tribal intercommunication nearly impossible, and travelers are often reduced to a pidgin-like subset of the language. To be universally understood, a Unix shell programmer must spend years of study in the art. Many have abandoned this discipline and now communicate via an Esperanto-like language called Perl.”

And in ancient times, Unix was also used to refer to some code that a couple of people at Bell Labs wrote to make use of a PDP-7 computer that wasn’t doing much of anything else at the time.

uppercase 🔠

In Unicode, this isn’t just characters with the General Category of Uppercase Letter — it’s any character with the Uppercase property, including some Letter Numbers and Symbols. Do not confuse it with titlecase. periodt.

UTF-8 string 🧵

A "string" whose ordinals represent a valid sequence of UTF-8 bytes. Sometimes called a "UTF-8 encoded string".

IMPORTANT: This is unrelated to Perl’s internal “UTF8 flag”, which only Perl itself should usually care about. UTF-8 strings may have that flag set or unset.

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V 💅

value 💎

An actual piece of data, in contrast to all the variables, references, keys, indices, operators, and whatnot that you need to access the value. Like the snack itself, not the wrapper.

variable 📦

A named storage location that can hold any of various kinds of value, as your program sees fit.

variable interpolation ✨

The interpolation of a scalar or array variable into a string. slay.

variadic 🎁

Said of a function that happily receives an indeterminate number of actual arguments. It’s giving infinity snacks.

vector 📐

Mathematical jargon for a list of scalar values.

virtual 🌫️

Providing the appearance of something without the reality, as in: virtual memory is not real memory. (See also memory.) The opposite of “virtual” is “transparent”, which means providing the reality of something without the appearance, as in: Perl handles the variable-length UTF‑8 character encoding transparently. So virtual = fake-ish vibe, transparent = real but invisible. got it.

void context 🕳️

A form of scalar context in which an expression is not expected to return any value at all and is evaluated for its side effects alone. side effects only, no return, periodt.

v-string 🔢

A “version” or “vector” string specified with a v followed by a series of decimal integers in dot notation, for instance, v1.20.300.4000. Each number turns into a character with the specified ordinal value. (The v is optional when there are at least three integers.) So v1.2.3 energy.

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W 🌸

warning ⚠️

A message printed to the STDERR stream to the effect that something might be wrong but isn’t worth blowing up over. See warn in Camel chapter 27, “Functions” and the warnings pragma in Camel chapter 28, “Pragmantic Modules”. Not a crash, just a gentle “bestie…”.

watch expression 👀

An expression which, when its value changes, causes a breakpoint in the Perl debugger. It’s spying on your variable, but in a debugger way.

weak reference 🫠

A reference that doesn’t get counted normally. When all the normal references to data disappear, the data disappears. These are useful for circular references that would never disappear otherwise. So they don’t hold on — they let go.

whitespace 🌬️

A character that moves your cursor but doesn’t otherwise put anything on your screen. Typically refers to any of: space, tab, line feed, carriage return, or form feed. In Unicode, matches many other characters that Unicode considers whitespace, including the ɴ-ʙʀ . Yes, even the tiny caps.

word 📝

In normal “computerese”, the piece of data of the size most efficiently handled by your computer, typically 32 bits or so, give or take a few powers of 2. In Perl culture, it more often refers to an alphanumeric identifier (including underscores), or to a string of nonwhitespace characters bounded by whitespace or string boundaries. two moods.

working directory 📂

Your current directory, from which relative pathnames are interpreted by the operating system. The operating system knows your current directory because you told it with a chdir, or because you started out in the place where your parent process was when you were born. home is where the cwd is.

wrapper 🎀

A program or subroutine that runs some other program or subroutine for you, modifying some of its input or output to better suit your purposes. It’s like a cute little jacket for another program.

WYSIWYG 👁️

What You See Is What You Get. Usually used when something that appears on the screen matches how it will eventually look, like Perl’s format declarations. Also used to mean the opposite of magic because everything works exactly as it appears, as in the three- argument form of open. WYSIWYG = no surprises, just vibes.

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X ⭐

XS 💥

An extraordinarily exported, expeditiously excellent, expressly eXternal Subroutine, executed in existing C or C++ or in an exciting extension language called (exasperatingly) XS. the alliteration is iconic.

XSUB 🧩

An external subroutine defined in XS.

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Y 🦋

yacc 🛠️

Yet Another Compiler Compiler. A parser generator without which Perl probably would not have existed. See the file perly.y in the Perl source distribution. the blueprint of Perl parsing, fr fr.

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Z 💤

zero width 🕳️

A subpattern assertion matching the null string between characters. takes up no space but does work.

zombie 🧟

A process that has died (exited) but whose parent has not yet received proper notification of its demise by virtue of having called wait or waitpid. If you fork, you must clean up after your child processes when they exit; otherwise, the process table will fill up and your system administrator will Not Be Happy with you. so reap your kids, bestie.

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AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT 📜

Based on the Glossary of Programming Perl, Fourth Edition, by Tom Christiansen, brian d foy, Larry Wall, & Jon Orwant. Copyright (c) 2000, 1996, 1991, 2012 O'Reilly Media, Inc. This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.

💖 that’s the whole glossary vibe from perl v5.44.0, dated 2026-10-17, PERLGLOSSARY(1perl) — bye bestie! 💖