PERLFAQ1(1perl)

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version 5.44.0 · 2 versions
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💖 NAME 💖

perlfaq1 — General Questions About Perl

okay so hi bestie 🫶 this is the page known as PERLFAQ1(1perl), straight out of the Perl Programmers Reference Guide. it's the very first chunk of the Perl FAQ, and it's giving "big-picture questions only, no syntax drama". sit down, hydrate, let's go ✨

🎀 VERSION 🎀

version 5.20250619

🌸 DESCRIPTION 🌸

so this section of the FAQ is where we answer the very general, high-level questions about Perl. no fiddly edge cases, no weird operator precedence lore (that's other parts, iykyk). just the vibes-level stuff 💅

🦋 What is Perl? 🦋

Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage, written by Larry Wall and a cast of thousands. iconic origin story honestly 👑

Perl's process, file, and text manipulation facilities make it particularly well-suited for tasks involving quick prototyping, system utilities, software tools, system management tasks, database access, graphical programming, networking, and web programming. it literally does everything, no cap.

Perl derives from the ubiquitous C programming language and, to a lesser extent, from sed, awk, the Unix shell, and many other tools and languages. that's the family tree, bestie 🌈

These strengths make it especially popular with web developers and system administrators. Mathematicians, geneticists, journalists, managers and many other people also use Perl. so yeah — not just the sysadmin girlies. everyone's here 💖

🌟 Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free? 🌟

The original culture of the pre-populist Internet and the deeply-held beliefs of Perl's author, Larry Wall, gave rise to the free and open distribution policy of Perl. Perl is supported by its users. The core, the standard Perl library, the optional modules, and the documentation you're reading now were all written by volunteers. unpaid, unbothered, undefeated 🫶

The core development team (known as the Perl Porters) are a group of highly altruistic individuals committed to producing better software for free than you could hope to purchase for money. like, that's the whole flex. You may snoop on pending developments via the archives http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/ or you can subscribe to the mailing list by sending perl5-porters-subscribe@perl.org a subscription request (an empty message with no subject is fine). yes, an empty message. an email that says nothing. it's giving minimalism ✨

While the GNU project includes Perl in its distributions, there's no such thing as "GNU Perl". Perl is not produced nor maintained by the Free Software Foundation. Perl's licensing terms are also more open than GNU software's tend to be. so don't call it that, bestie, it's a whole different thing 💀

You can get commercial support of Perl if you wish, although for most users the informal support will more than suffice. See the answer to "Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?" for more information.

🧚 Which version of Perl should I use? 🧚

(contributed by brian d foy with updates from others)

There is often a matter of opinion and taste, and there isn't any one answer that fits everyone. In general, you want to use either the current stable release, or the stable release immediately prior to that one. that's the safe-bet zone, periodt.

Beyond that, you have to consider several things and decide which is best for you:

  • If things aren't broken, upgrading perl may break them (or at least issue new warnings). classic. not me touching the working thing 🙈
  • The latest versions of perl have more bug fixes.
  • The latest versions of perl may contain performance improvements and features not present in older versions. There have been many changes in perl since perl5 was first introduced.
  • The Perl community is geared toward supporting the most recent releases, so you'll have an easier time finding help for those.
  • Older versions of perl may have security vulnerabilities, some of which are serious (see perlsec and search CVEs https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=Perl for more information). this one is not a cute caveat, it's a real warning — old perl can genuinely be unsafe.
  • The latest versions are probably the least deployed and widely tested, so you may want to wait a few months after their release and see what problems others have if you are risk averse.
  • The immediate, in addition to the current stable release, the previous stable release is maintained. See "MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT" in perlpolicy for more information.
  • There are really two tracks of perl development: a maintenance version and an experimental version. The maintenance versions are stable, and have an even number as the minor release (i.e. perl5.24.x, where 24 is the minor release). The experimental versions may include features that don't make it into the stable versions, and have an odd number as the minor release (i.e. perl5.25.x, where 25 is the minor release).
  • You can consult releases http://dev.perl.org/perl5 to determine the current stable release of Perl.

🌈 What is Raku (Perl 6)? 🌈

Raku (formerly known as Perl 6) was originally described as the community's rewrite of Perl, however as the language evolved, it became clear that it is a separate language, but in the same language family as Perl. so like… cousins, not twins, bestie 💅

Raku is not intended primarily as a replacement for Perl, but as its own thing — and libraries exist to allow you to call Perl code from Raku programs and vice versa. they talk to each other. it's mutual 🫶

Contrary to popular belief, Raku and Perl peacefully coexist with one another. Raku has proven to be a fascinating source of ideas for those using Perl (the Moose object system is a well-known example). There is overlap in the communities, and this overlap fosters the tradition of sharing and borrowing that have been instrumental to Perl's success.

For more about Raku see https://www.raku.org/.

"We're really serious about reinventing everything that needs reinventing." --Larry Wall

💜 How stable is Perl? 💜

Production releases, which incorporate bug fixes and new functionality, are widely tested before release. Since the 5.000 release, we have averaged about one production release per year. consistent queen behavior 👑

The Perl development team occasionally make changes to the internal core of the language, but all possible efforts are made toward backward compatibility. your old code is safe, fr fr.

🎀 How often are new versions of Perl released? 🎀

Recently, the plan has been to release a new version of Perl roughly every April, but getting the release right is more important than sticking rigidly to a calendar date, so the release date is somewhat flexible. The historical release dates can be viewed at http://www.cpan.org/src/README.html. it ships when it's ready, not when the calendar says so.

Even numbered minor versions (5.14, 5.16, 5.18) are production versions, and odd numbered minor versions (5.15, 5.17, 5.19) are development versions. Unless you want to try out an experimental feature, you probably never want to install a development version of Perl.

The Perl development team are called Perl 5 Porters, and their organization is described at http://perldoc.perl.org/perlpolicy.html. The organizational rules really just boil down to one: Larry is always right, even when he was wrong. and honestly? respect 😌

🦋 Is Perl difficult to learn? 🦋

No, Perl is easy to start learning http://learn.perl.org/ --and easy to keep learning. It looks like most programming languages you're likely to have experience with, so if you've ever written a C program, an awk script, a shell script, or even a BASIC program, you're already partway there. you're closer than you think, bestie 💖

Most tasks only require a small subset of the Perl language. One of the guiding mottos for Perl development is "there's more than one way to do it" (TMTOWTDI, sometimes pronounced "tim toady"). Perl's learning curve is therefore shallow (easy to learn) and long (there's a whole lot you can do if you really want).

Finally, because Perl is frequently (but not always, and certainly not by definition) an interpreted language, you can write your programs and test them without an intermediate compilation step, allowing you to experiment and test/debug quickly and easily. This ease of experimentation flattens the learning curve even more. no build step between you and the dopamine hit ✨

Things that make Perl easier to learn: Unix experience, almost any kind of programming experience, an understanding of regular expressions, and the ability to understand other people's code. If there's something you need to do, then it's probably already been done, and a working example is usually available for free. Don't forget Perl modules, either. They're discussed in Part 3 of this FAQ, along with CPAN http://www.cpan.org/, which is discussed in Part 2. yes queen, there are more parts, keep reading 💅

🌟 How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl? 🌟

Perl can be used for almost any coding problem, even ones which require integrating specialist C code for extra speed. As with any tool it can be used well or badly. Perl has many strengths, and a few weaknesses, precisely which areas are good and bad is often a personal choice. there is no objective tier list, sorry 😭

When choosing a language you should also be influenced by the resources http://www.cpan.org/, testing culture http://www.cpantesters.org/ and community http://www.perl.org/community.html which surrounds it. a language is a whole ecosystem, not just syntax.

For comparisons to a specific language it is often best to create a small project in both languages and compare the results, make sure to use all the resources http://www.cpan.org/ of each language, as a language is far more than just its syntax. try it yourself, don't just read hot takes on the internet 🙈

🧚 Can I do [task] in Perl? 🧚

Perl is flexible and extensible enough for you to use on virtually any task, from one-line file-processing tasks to large, elaborate systems.

For many people, Perl serves as a great replacement for shell scripting. For others, it serves as a convenient, high-level replacement for most of what they'd program in low-level languages like C or C++. It's ultimately up to you (and possibly your management) which tasks you'll use Perl for and which you won't.

If you have a library that provides an API, you can make any component of it available as just another Perl function or variable using a Perl extension written in C or C++ and dynamically linked into your main perl interpreter. You can also go the other direction, and write your main program in C or C++, and then link in some Perl code on the fly, to create a powerful application. See perlembed. it goes both ways, bestie 🌈

That said, there will always be small, focused, special-purpose languages dedicated to a specific problem domain that are simply more convenient for certain kinds of problems. Perl tries to be all things to all people, but nothing special to anyone. Examples of specialized languages that come to mind include prolog and matlab.

💀 When shouldn't I program in Perl? 💀

One good reason is when you already have an existing application written in another language that's all done (and done well), or you have an application language specifically designed for a certain task (e.g. prolog, make). if it's already working, don't rewrite it for the aesthetic. put the keyboard down 🫶

If you find that you need to speed up a specific part of a Perl application (not something you often need) you may want to use C, but you can access this from your Perl code with perlxs.

✨ What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"? ✨

"Perl" is the name of the language. Only the "P" is capitalized. The name of the interpreter (the program which runs the Perl script) is "perl" with a lowercase "p". one capital letter, bestie, that's the whole distinction 💅

You may or may not choose to follow this usage. But never write "PERL", because perl is not an acronym. seriously. don't. we will see it 👀

🎀 What is a JAPH? 🎀

(contributed by brian d foy)

aaand that's where part 1 dips 🌸 more parts follow, so don't go anywhere, bestie — the FAQ keeps going and it's lowkey iconic 🦋

okay so JAPH stands for "Just another Perl hacker," and that's a thing Randal Schwartz used to sign his email and usenet messages with, starting way back in the late 1980s. before that he'd been using the phrase with a bunch of different subjects — like "Just another x hacker," — so to make his JAPH stand out he started writing them as actual Perl programs:

print "Just another Perl hacker,";

and then everyone else was like "wait that's fun" and started writing their own clever or obfuscated little programs that spit out that exact same output, and the whole thing spun out of control <italics>so fast</italics> while still giving their creators and readers literal hours of amusement. iconic behavior, no notes 💅

CPAN has a whole pile of JAPH programs chilling at http://www.cpan.org/misc/japh ✨

🌸 How can I convince others to use Perl? 🌸

(contributed by brian d foy)

appeal to their self interest!! 🫶 if Perl is new to them (and therefore scary, lowkey understandable), find something Perl can do that solves one of their actual problems. that might mean Perl saves them something (time, headaches, money) or gives them something (flexibility, power, testability).

and here's the tea: the benefit of a language is closely related to the skill of the people using that language. if you or your team can be faster, better, and stronger through Perl, you'll deliver more value. remember, people usually respond way better to what they get out of it. so if you hit resistance, figure out what those people are getting out of the other choice, and how Perl might satisfy that same requirement. that's the move 💜

you also do not have to stress about finding or paying for Perl — it's freely available and several popular operating systems just come with Perl already installed. 🎀 and the community support? immaculate. places like Perlmonks ( http://www.perlmonks.com ) and the various Perl mailing lists ( http://lists.perl.org ) mean you can usually get quick answers to your problems.

finally, keep it real: Perl might not be the right tool for every job. you're a much better advocate when your claims are reasonable and grounded in reality. dogmatically advocating anything tends to make people discount your whole message. be honest about possible disadvantages to your choice of Perl, because every choice has trade-offs. periodt. 🌈

you might find these links useful:

Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights reserved.

This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public domain. you are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. a simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would be courteous but is not required. 💖

and that's a wrap besties!! this was perl v5.44.0, dated 2026-10-17, filed under PERLFAQ1(1perl) — go forth and be the main character of your own shell 🦋✨💅

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