OPENSSL-CA(1ossl)

📦
version 3.5.9 · 8 versions
, in alpine 3.23, alpine 3.24

💖 OPENSSL-CA(1ossl) 💖

okay bestie, this is the openssl-ca page from the OpenSSL manual, section 1ossl — and yes, we're getting into CA territory. Buckle up. 🎀

✨ NAME ✨

openssl-ca — sample minimal CA application

🌸 SYNOPSIS 🌸

openssl ca [-help] [-verbose] [-quiet] [-config filename] [-name
section] [-section section] [-gencrl] [-revoke file] [-valid file]
[-status serial] [-updatedb] [-crl_reason reason] [-crl_hold
instruction] [-crl_compromise time] [-crl_CA_compromise time]
[-crl_lastupdate date] [-crl_nextupdate date] [-crldays days] [-crlhours
hours] [-crlsec seconds] [-crlexts section] [-startdate date]
[-not_before date] [-enddate date] [-not_after date] [-days arg] [-md
arg] [-policy arg] [-keyfile filename|uri] [-keyform DER|PEM|P12|ENGINE]
[-key arg] [-passin arg] [-cert file] [-certform DER|PEM|P12]
[-selfsign] [-in file] [-inform DER|<PEM>] [-out file] [-notext]
[-dateopt] [-outdir dir] [-infiles] [-spkac file] [-ss_cert file]
[-preserveDN] [-noemailDN] [-batch] [-msie_hack] [-extensions section]
[-extfile section] [-subj arg] [-utf8] [-sigopt nm:v] [-vfyopt nm:v]
[-create_serial] [-rand_serial] [-multivalue-rdn] [-rand files]
[-writerand file] [-engine id] [-provider name] [-provider-path path]
[-provparam [name:]key=value] [-propquery propq] [certreq...]

🦋 DESCRIPTION 🦋

So what does this command do? It emulates a CA application — like, it's pretending to be your certificate authority. 💅 And bestie, please peek at the WARNINGS section, especially if you're thinking about using it productively. That's not me being dramatic; the page literally says to check it.

It generates certificates bearing X.509 version 3. Unless specified otherwise, key identifier extensions are included as described in x509v3_config(5). ✨

It can be used to sign certificate requests (CSRs) in a variety of forms and generate certificate revocation lists (CRLs). It also maintains a text database of issued certificates and their status. When signing certificates, a single request can be specified with the -in option, or multiple requests can be processed by specifying a set of certreq files after all options. 🫶

💡 Note that there are also very lean ways of generating certificates: the req and x509 commands can be used for directly creating certificates. See openssl-req(1) and openssl-x509(1) for details.

The descriptions of the ca command options are split up by purpose — yes, organized, we love that for us. 💅

✨ OPTIONS ✨

Okay bestie, grab your iced coffee because this is the big one — every flag, every argument, every tiny detail. No skipping, no cap 💅

  • -help — Prints out a usage message. That's it, that's the vibe 🫶
  • -verbose — This prints extra details about the operations being performed. Lowkey nosy but in a helpful way 👀
  • -quiet — This prints fewer details about the operations being performed, which may be handy during batch scripts or pipelines. Main character energy: silent but slaying 🤫
  • -config filename — Specifies the configuration file to use. Optional; for a description of the default value, see "COMMAND SUMMARY" in openssl(1).
  • -name section, -section section — Specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides default_ca in the ca section). Same thing, two names, we love an alias era ✨
  • -in filename — An input filename containing a single certificate request (CSR) to be signed by the CA. One CSR, one moment, one slay 💖
  • -inform DER|PEM — The format to use when loading certificate request (CSR) input files; by default PEM is tried first. See openssl-format-options(1) for details.
  • -ss_cert filename — A single self-signed certificate to be signed by the CA. It's giving "I already signed myself but make it official" 🎀
  • -spkac filename — A file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge and additional field values to be signed by the CA. See the SPKAC FORMAT section for information on the required input and output format. Ancient browser lore fr fr 🦋
  • -infiles — If present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments are taken as the names of files containing certificate requests. Last option means LAST, bestie — don't test her 💀
  • -out filename — The output file to output certificates to. The default is standard output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this file in PEM format (except that -spkac outputs DER format).
  • -outdir directory — The directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with .pem appended. Cute little organized folder moment 📁✨
  • -cert filename — The CA certificate, which must match with -keyfile. They're a package deal, no breaking them up 💜
  • -certform DER|PEM|P12 — The format of the data in certificate input files; unspecified by default. See openssl-format-options(1) for details.
  • -keyfile filename|uri — The CA private key to sign certificate requests with. This must match with -cert. Again: matching set, no mismatched energy allowed 🔥
  • -keyform DER|PEM|P12|ENGINE — The format of the private key input file; unspecified by default. See openssl-format-options(1) for details.
  • -sigopt nm:v — Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign operations. Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific and documented in "Signature parameters" in provider-signature(7).
  • -vfyopt nm:v — Pass options to the signature algorithm during verify operations. Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.

This often needs to be given while signing too, because the self-signature of a certificate signing request (CSR) is verified against the included public key, and that verification may need its own set of options. So yes, you might need both — it's giving "two receipts for one purchase" 🧾🧾

  • -key password — The password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g., when using ps(1) on Unix), this option should be used with caution. Better use -passin. Seriously, bestie — don't leak your password in plain sight 😭🔒
Warning: command-line args can show up in process lists, so -key is lowkey risky. -passin is the safer icon behavior 👑
  • -passin arg — The key password source for key files and certificate PKCS#12 files. For more information about the format of arg see openssl-passphrase-options(1).
  • -selfsign — Indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key the certificate requests were signed with (given with -keyfile). Certificate requests signed with a different key are ignored. If -spkac, -ss_cert or -gencrl are given, -selfsign is ignored.

A consequence of using -selfsign is that the self-signed certificate appears among the entries in the certificate database (see the configuration option database), and uses the same serial number counter as all other certificates sign with the self-signed certificate. So it's literally in the mix, sharing the counter, no special treatment 💅

  • -notext — Don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file. Keep it mysterious, keep it DER/PEM only 🙈
  • -dateopt — Specify the date output format. Values are: rfc_822 and iso_8601. Defaults to rfc_822. Pick your date aesthetic 🗓️✨
  • -startdate date, -not_before date — This allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure), or YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 GeneralizedTime structure). In both formats, seconds SS and timezone Z must be present. Alternatively, you can also use "today". No guessing games, give her the full timestamp ⏰
  • -enddate date, -not_after date — This allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 UTCTime structure), or YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an ASN1 GeneralizedTime structure). In both formats, seconds SS and timezone Z must be present. Alternatively, you can also use "today".

This overrides the -days option. So if you set both, -enddate wins — periodt 💁‍♀️

  • -days arg — The number of days from today to certify the certificate for.

Regardless of the option -not_before, the days are always counted from today. When used together with the option -not_after/-startdate, the explicit expiry date takes precedence. So -days is cute but the explicit dates are the main characters here 👑

  • -md alg — The message digest to use. Any digest supported by the openssl-dgst(1) command can be used. For signing algorithms that do not support a digest (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448) any message digest that is set is ignored. This option also applies to CRLs. Know your algorithm's limits, bestie — some just don't do digests 🧚
  • -policy arg — This option defines the CA "policy" to use. This is a section in the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory or match the CA certificate. Check out the POLICY FORMAT section for more information. It's the rulebook, the vibe check, the "you shall not pass unless you match" energy 📜✨
  • -msie_hack — This is a deprecated option to make this command work with very old versions of the IE certificate enrollment control "certenr3". It used UniversalStrings for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs its use is strongly discouraged. Like, genuinely — deprecated and buggy, don't do it 💀🚫
  • -preserveDN — Normally the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set the order is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the older IE enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their DNs match the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll. Old IE was picky, we don't have to be 🎀
  • -noemailDN — The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the request DN, however, it is good policy just having the e-mail set into the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set the EMAIL field is removed from the certificate' subject and set only in the, eventually present, extensions. The email_in_dn keyword can be used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour. Keep emails in the extensions where they belong, queen 👑📧
  • -batch — This sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked and all certificates will be certified automatically. Auto-pilot slay, no prompts, no interruptions 🚀
  • -extensions section — The section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to x509_extensions unless the -extfile option is used).

See the x509v3_config(5) manual page for details of the extension section format. Extensions are the accessories of the certificate world — never skip them 💅

  • -extfile file — An additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from (using the default section unless the -extensions option is also used).
  • -subj arg — Supersedes subject name given in the request.

The arg must be formatted as "/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...". Special characters may be escaped by "\" (backslash), whitespace is retained. Empty values are permitted, but the corresponding type will not be included in the resulting certificate. Giving a single "/" will lead to an empty sequence of RDNs (a NULL-DN). Multi-valued RDNs can be formed by placing a "+" character instead of a "/" between the AttributeValueAssertions (AVAs) that specify the members of the set. Example:

"/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe"

So yes, you can literally override the whole subject. Use with intention, bestie 🪄

  • -utf8 — This option causes field values to be interpreted as UTF8 strings, by default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings. Unicode girlies rise 🌈💖
  • -create_serial — If reading serial from the text file as specified in the configuration fails, specifying this option creates a new random serial to be used as next serial number. To get random serial numbers, use the -rand_serial flag instead; this should only be used for simple error-recovery. It's the "oops, fix it" option, not the everyday vibe 🔧
  • -rand_serial — Generate a large random number to use as the serial number. This overrides any option or configuration to use a serial number file. Big random serial energy, no file needed 🎲✨
  • -multivalue-rdn — This option has been deprecated and has no effect. She's retired, she's not doing anything, leave her be 💅
  • -rand files, -writerand file — See "Random State Options" in openssl(1) for details.
  • -engine id — See "Engine Options" in openssl(1). This option is deprecated. Old engine era, we've moved on 🚫
  • -provider name, -provider-path path, -provparam [name:]key=value, -propquery propq — See "Provider Options" in openssl(1), provider(7), and property(7). Provider crew, assemble 🫶

💅 CRL OPTIONS 💅

Okay so this whole corner is CRL coded, bestie — revoke, refresh, repeat. Here’s the rundown, no cap:

  • -gencrl — generates a CRL based on the info sitting in the index file. Slay.
  • -crl_lastupdate time — lets you explicitly set the CRL’s lastUpdate field. If you don’t pass it, the current time gets used. It accepts times in YYMMDDHHMMSSZ format (same vibe as an ASN1 UTCTime structure) or YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ format (same as an ASN1 GeneralizedTime structure).
  • -crl_nextupdate time — lets you explicitly set the CRL’s nextUpdate field. If this option is present, any values you gave for -crldays, -crlhours and -crlsec are ignored. It accepts times in the same formats as -crl_lastupdate.
  • -crldays num — the number of days before the next CRL is due. That’s the days from now to place in the CRL nextUpdate field.
  • -crlhours num — the number of hours before the next CRL is due.
  • -crlsec num — the number of seconds before the next CRL is due.
  • -revoke filename — a filename containing a certificate to revoke. Bye bestie 💀
  • -valid filename — a filename containing a certificate to add a Valid certificate entry.
  • -status serial — displays the revocation status of the certificate with the specified serial number and exits.
  • -updatedb — updates the database index to purge expired certificates.
  • -crl_reason reason — the revocation reason, where reason is one of: unspecified, keyCompromise, CACompromise, affiliationChanged, superseded, cessationOfOperation, certificateHold or removeFromCRL. The matching of reason is case insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2.
In practice removeFromCRL is not particularly useful because it is only used in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented. Fr fr, don’t come for her.
  • -crl_hold instruction — sets the CRL revocation reason code to certificateHold and the hold instruction to instruction, which must be an OID. Although any OID can be used, only holdInstructionNone (the use of which is discouraged by RFC2459), holdInstructionCallIssuer or holdInstructionReject will normally be used.
  • -crl_compromise time — sets the revocation reason to keyCompromise and the compromise time to time. time should be in GeneralizedTime format, that is YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ.
  • -crl_CA_compromise time — same as crl_compromise except the revocation reason is set to CACompromise.
  • -crlexts section — the section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to include. If no CRL extension section is present then a V1 CRL is created; if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is empty) then a V2 CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are CRL extensions and not CRL entry extensions. It should be noted that some software (for example Netscape) can’t handle V2 CRLs. See x509v3_config(5) manual page for details of the extension section format.
⚠️ V2 CRLs are iconic but not universally understood — Netscape said “not today,” and that’s in the original tea.

🎀 CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS 🎀

The section of the configuration file containing options for this command is found like this: if the -name command line option is used, then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to be used must be named in the default_ca option of the ca section of the configuration file (or in the default section of the configuration file). Besides default_ca, the following options are read directly from the ca section:

  • RANDFILE
  • preserve
  • msie_hack
With the exception of RANDFILE, this is probably a bug and may change in future releases. Bestie, that’s literally in the manpage — I’m not making it up 💀

Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line options. Where the option is present in the configuration file and the command line, the command line value is used. Where an option is described as mandatory, then it must be present in the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if any) used.

  • oid_file — specifies a file containing additional OBJECT IDENTIFIERS. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by whitespace, then the short name followed by whitespace, and finally the long name.
  • oid_section — specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by = and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used.
  • new_certs_dir — the same as the -outdir command line option. It specifies the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
  • certificate — the same as -cert. It gives the file containing the CA certificate. Mandatory.
  • private_key — same as the -keyfile option. The file containing the CA private key. Mandatory.
  • RANDFILE — at startup the specified file is loaded into the random number generator, and at exit 256 bytes will be written to it. (Note: using a RANDFILE is not necessary anymore, see the "HISTORY" section.)
  • default_days — the same as the -days option. The number of days from today to certify a certificate for.
  • default_startdate — the same as the -startdate option. The start date to certify a certificate for. If not set, the current time is used.
  • default_enddate — the same as the -enddate option. Either this option or default_days (or the command line equivalents) must be present.
  • default_crl_hours and default_crl_days — the same as the -crlhours and the -crldays options. These will only be used if neither command line option is present. At least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.
  • default_md — the same as the -md option. Mandatory except where the signing algorithm does not require a digest (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448).
  • database — the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present though initially it will be empty.
  • unique_subject — if the value yes is given, the valid certificate entries in the database must have unique subjects. If the value no is given, several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject. The default value is yes, to be compatible with older (pre 0.9.8) versions of OpenSSL. However, to make CA certificate roll-over easier, it’s recommended to use the value no, especially if combined with the -selfsign command line option.

Note that it is valid in some circumstances for certificates to be created without any subject. In the case where there are multiple certificates without subjects, this does not count as a duplicate. Periodt.

  • serial — a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory. This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
  • crlnumber — a text file containing the next CRL number to use in hex. The crl number will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is present, it must contain a valid CRL number.
  • x509_extensions — a fallback to the -extensions option.
  • crl_extensions — a fallback to the -crlexts option.
  • preserve — the same as -preserveDN.
  • email_in_dn — the same as -noemailDN. If you want the EMAIL field to be removed from the DN of the certificate, simply set this to 'no'. If not present, the default is to allow for the EMAIL field in the certificate’s DN.
  • msie_hack — the same as -msie_hack.
  • policy — the same as -policy. Mandatory. See the POLICY FORMAT section for more information.
  • name_opt, cert_opt — these options allow the format used to display the certificate details when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by the x509 utilities’ -nameopt and -certopt switches can be used here, except the no_signame and no_sigdump are permanently set and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).

For convenience the values ca_default are accepted by both to produce a reasonable output.

If neither option is present, the format used in earlier versions of OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format is strongly discouraged because it only displays fields mentioned in the policy section, mishandles multicharacter string types and does not display extensions.

  • copy_extensions — determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled. If set to none or this option is not present, then extensions are ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to copy, then any extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied to the certificate. If set to copyall, then all extensions in the request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present in the certificate it is deleted first. See the WARNINGS section before using this option.

The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply values for certain extensions such as subjectAltName.

🫶 Bestie, seriously, peep the WARNINGS section before you get cute with copy_extensions. That’s the whole PSA.

🌸 POLICY FORMAT 🌸

The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to certificate DN fields.

  • If the value is "match" then the field value must match the same field in the CA certificate.
  • If the value is "supplied" then it must be present.
  • If the value is "optional" then it may be present.

Any fields not mentioned in the policy section are silently deleted, unless the -preserveDN option is set — but this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour. Lowkey a little unhinged, but that’s the spec 🎀

🦋 SPKAC FORMAT 🦋

The input to the -spkac command line option is a Netscape signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from the KEYGEN tag in an HTML form to create a new private key. It is however possible to create SPKACs using openssl-spkac(1).

The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of the SPKAC and also the required DN components as name value pairs. If you need to include the same component twice then it can be preceded by a number and a ..

When processing SPKAC format, the output is DER if the -out flag is used, but PEM format if sending to stdout or the -outdir flag is used. That’s the output vibe check — DER for -out, PEM for stdout/-outdir, no cap. ✨

✨ EXAMPLES ✨

Okay bestie, these examples assume the directory structure this command wants is already set up and the relevant files already exist. Usually that means creating a CA certificate and private key with openssl-req(1), a serial number file, and an empty index file, then placing them in the relevant directories. 💅

To use the sample configuration file below, the directories demoCA, demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The CA certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be created containing for example "01", and the empty index file demoCA/index.txt would be created too.

Sign a certificate request:

openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem

Sign an SM2 certificate request:

openssl ca -in sm2.csr -out sm2.crt -md sm3 \
        -sigopt "distid:1234567812345678" \
        -vfyopt "distid:1234567812345678"

Sign a certificate request, using CA extensions:

openssl ca -in req.pem -extensions v3_ca -out newcert.pem

Generate a CRL:

openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem

Sign several requests:

openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem

Certify a Netscape SPKAC:

openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt

A sample SPKAC file (the SPKAC line has been truncated for clarity):

SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
CN=Steve Test
emailAddress=steve@openssl.org
0.OU=OpenSSL Group
1.OU=Another Group

A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for this command:

[ ca ]
default_ca      = CA_default            # The default ca section

[ CA_default ]

dir            = ./demoCA              # top dir
database       = $dir/index.txt        # index file.
new_certs_dir  = $dir/newcerts         # new certs dir

certificate    = $dir/cacert.pem       # The CA cert
serial         = $dir/serial           # serial no file
#rand_serial    = yes                  # for random serial#'s
private_key    = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key

default_days   = 365                   # how long to certify for
default_crl_days= 30                   # how long before next CRL
default_md     = sha256                # md to use

policy         = policy_any            # default policy
email_in_dn    = no                    # Don't add the email into cert DN

name_opt       = ca_default            # Subject name display option
cert_opt       = ca_default            # Certificate display option
copy_extensions = none                 # Don't copy extensions from request

[ policy_any ]
countryName            = supplied
stateOrProvinceName    = optional
organizationName       = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName             = supplied
emailAddress           = optional

📁 FILES 📁

Quick note, bestie: the location of all files can change either by compile time options, configuration file entries, environment variables or command line options. The values below reflect the default values. 🫶

/usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf - master configuration file
./demoCA                       - main CA directory
./demoCA/cacert.pem            - CA certificate
./demoCA/private/cakey.pem     - CA private key
./demoCA/serial                - CA serial number file
./demoCA/serial.old            - CA serial number backup file
./demoCA/index.txt             - CA text database file
./demoCA/index.txt.old         - CA text database backup file
./demoCA/certs                 - certificate output file

🚧 RESTRICTIONS 🚧

The text database index file is a critical part of the process, and if it gets corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current CRL: however there is no option to do this. 😭

  • V2 CRL features like delta CRLs are not currently supported.
  • Although several requests can be input and handled at once, it is only possible to include one SPKAC or self-signed certificate.

🐛 BUGS 🐛

This command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly. Fr fr.

  • The use of an in-memory text database can cause problems when large numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies, the database has to be kept in memory. 💀
  • This command really needs rewriting or the required functionality exposed at either a command or interface level so that a more user-friendly replacement could handle things properly. The script CA.pl helps a little but not very much.
  • Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently deleted. This does not happen if the -preserveDN option is used. To enforce the absence of the EMAIL field within the DN, as suggested by RFCs, regardless of the contents of the request's subject the -noemailDN option can be used. The behaviour should be more friendly and configurable.
  • Canceling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can create an empty file. 🙈

⚠️ WARNINGS ⚠️

Bestie, this one is serious. Read it before you point this at anything that matters. 💅

This command was originally meant as an example of how to do things in a CA. Its code does not have production quality. It was not supposed to be used as a full blown CA itself, nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose at least internally. When doing so, specific care should be taken to properly secure the private key(s) used for signing certificates. It is advisable to keep them in a secure HW storage such as a smart card or HSM and access them via a suitable engine or crypto provider.

This command is effectively a single user command: no locking is done on the various files and attempts to run more than one openssl ca command on the same database can have unpredictable results.

The copy_extensions option should be used with caution. If care is not taken then it can be a security risk. For example, if a certificate request contains a basicConstraints extension with CA:TRUE and the copy_extensions value is set to copyall and the user does not spot this when the certificate is displayed, then this will hand the requester a valid CA certificate. This situation can be avoided by setting copy_extensions to copy and including basicConstraints with CA:FALSE in the configuration file. Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension it will be ignored.

It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such as keyUsage to prevent a request supplying its own values.

Additional restrictions can be placed on the CA certificate itself. For example if the CA certificate has:

basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0

then even if a certificate is issued with CA:TRUE it will not be valid.

🕰️ HISTORY 🕰️

  • Since OpenSSL 1.1.1, the program follows RFC5280. Specifically, certificate validity period (specified by any of -startdate, -enddate and -days) and CRL last/next update time (specified by any of -crl_lastupdate, -crl_nextupdate, -crldays, -crlhours and -crlsec) will be encoded as UTCTime if the dates are earlier than year 2049 (included), and as GeneralizedTime if the dates are in year 2050 or later.
  • OpenSSL 1.1.1 introduced a new random generator (CSPRNG) with an improved seeding mechanism. The new seeding mechanism makes it unnecessary to define a RANDFILE for saving and restoring randomness. This option is retained mainly for compatibility reasons.
  • The -section option was added in OpenSSL 3.0.0.
  • The -multivalue-rdn option has become obsolete in OpenSSL 3.0.0 and has no effect.
  • The -engine option was deprecated in OpenSSL 3.0.
  • Since OpenSSL 3.2, generated certificates bear X.509 version 3, and key identifier extensions are included by default.

👀 SEE ALSO 👀

Go peek at these, bestie — they're the supporting cast:

Copyright 2000-2024 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

💅 that's the whole page, bestie — OPENSSL-CA(1ossl) from OpenSSL 3.5.9, dated 2026-09-29, signing off. 🫶

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