RPNTUTORIAL(1)

💖 RPNTUTORIAL(1) — reading RRDtool RPN expressions like a main character 💖

okay bestie, welcome to the rrdtool tutorial page that teaches you how to read RRDtool RPN expressions — no cap, this is the one. 💅

🌸 NAME 🌸

rpntutorial — reading RRDtool RPN expressions, by Steve Rader.

✨ DESCRIPTION ✨

This tutorial should help you get to grips with RRDtool RPN expressions as seen in CDEF arguments of RRDtool graph. It’s giving “stack math but make it readable,” and honestly? Obsessed. 🫶

💖 Reading Comparison Operators 💖

The LT, LE, GT, GE and EQ RPN logic operators are not as tricky as they appear. They act on the two values on the stack preceding them — that’s to the left, bestie. Read those two values on the stack from left to right, inserting the operator in the middle. If the resulting statement is true, replace the three values from the stack with "1". If the statement is false, replace the three values with "0". Slay. ✨

For example, think about 2,1,GT. This RPN expression could be read as “is two greater than one?” The answer is “true,” so the three values should be replaced with "1". Thus the RPN expression 2,1,GT evaluates to 1.

Now consider 2,1,LE. This RPN expression could be read as “is two less than or equal to one?” The natural response is “no,” and thus the RPN expression 2,1,LE evaluates to 0. Not me getting humbled by basic math 😭.

🦋 Reading the IF Operator 🦋

The IF RPN logic operator can be straightforward also. The key to reading IF operators is to understand that the condition part of the traditional if X than Y else Z notation has already been evaluated. So the IF operator acts on only one value on the stack: the third value to the left of the IF value. The second value to the left of the IF corresponds to the true ("Y") branch. And the first value to the left of the IF corresponds to the false ("Z") branch. Read the RPN expression X,Y,Z,IF from left to right like so: if X then Y else Z. Periodt. 👑

For example, consider 1,10,100,IF. It looks bizarre to me. But when I read if 1 then 10 else 100 it’s crystal clear: 1 is true so the answer is 10. Note that only zero is false; all other values are true. 2,20,200,IF (if 2 then 20 else 200) evaluates to 20. And 0,1,2,IF (if 0 then 1 else 2) evaluates to 2.

only zero is false — every other value is true. that’s the vibe check. 💀

Notice that none of the above examples really simulate the whole if X then Y else Z statement. This is because computer programmers read this statement as if Some Condition then Y else Z. So it’s important to be able to read IF operators along with the LT, LE, GT, GE and EQ operators. iykyk. 🌈

🎀 Some Examples 🎀

While compound expressions can look overly complex, they can be considered elegantly simple. To quickly comprehend RPN expressions, you must know the algorithm for evaluating RPN expressions: iterate searches from the left to the right looking for an operator. When it’s found, apply that operator by popping the operator and some number of values (and by definition, not operators) off the stack.

For example, the stack 1,2,3,+,+ gets 2,3,+ evaluated (as 2+3) during the first iteration and is replaced by 5. This results in the stack 1,5,+. Finally, 1,5,+ is evaluated resulting in the answer 6. For convenience, it’s useful to write this set of operations as:

 1) 1,2,3,+,+    eval is 2,3,+ = 5    result is 1,5,+
 2) 1,5,+        eval is 1,5,+ = 6    result is 6
 3) 6

Let’s use that notation to conveniently solve some complex RPN expressions with multiple logic operators:

 1) 20,10,GT,10,20,IF  eval is 20,10,GT = 1     result is 1,10,20,IF

read the eval as pop 20 is greater than 10 so push 1

 2) 1,10,20,IF         eval is 1,10,20,IF = 10  result is 10

read pop if 1 then 10 else 20 so push 10. Only 10 is left so 10 is the answer. ate. 💅

Let’s read a complex RPN expression that also has the traditional multiplication operator:

 1) 128,8,*,7000,GT,7000,128,8,*,IF  eval 128,8,*       result is 1024
 2) 1024   ,7000,GT,7000,128,8,*,IF  eval 1024,7000,GT  result is 0
 3) 0,              7000,128,8,*,IF  eval 128,8,*       result is 1024
 4) 0,              7000,1024,   IF                     result is 1024

Now let’s go back to the first example of multiple logic operators, but replace the value 20 with the variable input:

 1) input,10,GT,10,input,IF  eval is input,10,GT  ( lets call this A )

Read eval as if input > 10 then true and replace input,10,GT with A:

 2) A,10,input,IF            eval is A,10,input,IF

read if A then 10 else input. Now replace A with its verbose description again and — voila! — you have an easily readable description of the expression:

 if input > 10 then 10 else input

Finally, let’s go back to the first most complex example and replace the value 128 with input:

 1) input,8,*,7000,GT,7000,input,8,*,IF  eval input,8,*     result is A

where A is input * 8

 2) A,7000,GT,7000,input,8,*,IF          eval is A,7000,GT  result is B

where B is if ((input * 8) > 7000) then true

 3) B,7000,input,8,*,IF                  eval is input,8,*  result is C

where C is input * 8

 4) B,7000,C,IF

At last we have a readable decoding of the complex RPN expression with a variable:

 if ((input * 8) > 7000) then 7000 else (input * 8)

Literally iconic. 🧚✨

🧚 Exercises 🧚

💖 Exercise 1 💖

Compute 3,2,*,1,+ and 3,2,1,+,* by hand. Rewrite them in traditional notation. Explain why they have different answers.

🩷 Answer 1 🩷

3*2+1 = 7 and 3*(2+1) = 9.  These expressions have
different answers because the altering of the plus and
times operators alter the order of their evaluation.

💖 Exercise 2 💖

One may be tempted to shorten the expression

 input,8,*,56000,GT,56000,input,*,8,IF

by removing the redundant use of input,8,* like so:

 input,56000,GT,56000,input,IF,8,*

Use traditional notation to show these expressions are not the same. Write an expression that’s equivalent to the first expression, but uses the LE and DIV operators.

🩷 Answer 2 🩷

if (input <= 56000/8 ) { input*8 } else { 56000 }
input,56000,8,DIV,LE,input,8,*,56000,IF

💖 Exercise 3 💖

Briefly explain why traditional mathematic notation requires the use of parentheses. Explain why RPN notation does not require the use of parentheses.

🩷 Answer 3 🩷

Traditional mathematic expressions are evaluated by
doing multiplication and division first, then addition and
subtraction.  Parentheses are used to force the evaluation of
addition before multiplication (etc).  RPN does not require
parentheses because the ordering of objects on the stack
can force the evaluation of addition before multiplication.

💖 Exercise 4 💖

Explain why it was desirable for the RRDtool developers to implement RPN notation instead of traditional mathematical notation.

🩷 Answer 4 🩷

The algorithm that implements traditional mathematical
notation is more complex then algorithm used for RPN.
So implementing RPN allowed Tobias Oetiker to write less
code!  (The code is also less complex and therefore less
likely to have bugs.)

👑 AUTHOR 👑

Steve Rader <rader@wiscnet.net>

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This has been your RPNTUTORIAL(1) moment from the rrdtool source, version 1.11.0, dated 2026-10-17. Stay slay, bestie — stack those values and vibe. 💜🦋💅