mia-2dmyoica-full(1)
πΈ NAME πΈ
mia-2dmyoica-full β run a registration of a series of 2D images. bestie this is THE 2D myo ICA full pipeline command and she is busy π
β¨ SYNOPSIS β¨
mia-2dmyoica-full -i <in-file> -o <out-file> [options]
π DESCRIPTION π
Okay so mia-2dmyoica-full is the program that implements the 2D version of the motion compensation algorithm described in:
Wollny G, Kellman P, Santos A, Ledesma-Carbayo M-J, "Automatic Motion Compensation of Free Breathing acquired Myocardial Perfusion Data by using Independent Component Analysis", Medical Image Analysis, 2012.
ngl that citation is iconic, put it on a t-shirt π
The software may first run a linear registration and then a non-linear registration, or just one of the two. And here's the part that makes this version special: this version of the program can run all registrations in parallel. multitasking queen behavior fr fr πββοΈπ¨
π OPTIONS π
π File-IO π
-i,--in-file=(input, required); stringβ the input perfusion data set π«Ά (yes it's required, she needs food)-o,--out-file=(output, required); stringβ the output perfusion data set β¨ (also required, don't forget her)-r,--registered=β file name base for the registered images. The image type and the numbering scheme get taken from the input images as given in the input data set, so she's just borrowing the fit π--save-cropped=(output); stringβ save the cropped set to this file; the image files will use the stem of the name as their file name base--save-feature=(output); stringβ save segmentation feature images and the initial ICA mixing matrix π§ β¨--save-refs=(output); stringβ for each registration pass, save the reference images to files using the given name base--save-regs=(output); stringβ for each registration pass, save the intermediate registered images
π Help & Info π
-V,--verbose=warningβ verbosity of output; she prints messages of the given level and higher priorities. supported priorities, starting at the lowest level, are:traceβ Function call tracedebugβ Debug outputinfoβ Low level messagesmessageβ Normal messageswarningβ Warningsfailβ Report test failureserrorβ Report errorsfatalβ Report only fatal errors
--copyrightβ print copyright information-h,--helpβ print this help-?,--usageβ print a short help--versionβ print the version number and exit β
𧬠ICA π§¬
--fastica=internalβ the FastICA implementation to be used. for supported plugins seePLUGINS:fastica/implementation-C,--components=0β ICA components;0= automatic estimation πͺ--normalizeβ normalized ICs--no-meanstripβ don't strip the mean from the mixing curves (she said leave the mean ALONE)-s,--segscale=0β segment and scale the crop box around the LV (0= no segmentation)-k,--skip=0β skip this many images at the beginning of the series, e.g. because as they are of other modalities π-m,--max-ica-iter=400β maximum number of iterations in ICA-E,--segmethod=featuresβ segmentation method:delta-featureβ difference of the feature imagesdelta-peakβ difference of the peak enhancement imagesfeaturesβ feature images
-b,--min-breathing-frequency=-1β minimal mean frequency a mixing curve can have to be considered to stem from breathing. A healthy resting breathing rate is 12 per minute. A negative value disables the test. A value of0.0forces the series to be identified as acquired with initial breath hold. π«
βοΈ Processing βοΈ
--threads=-1β maximum number of threads to use for processing. This number should be lower or equal to the number of logical processor cores in the machine. (-1: automatic estimation) π₯
π Registration π
-L,--linear-optimizer=gsl:opt=simplex,step=1.0β optimizer used for minimization of the linear registration. The string value will be used to construct a plug-in. for supported plugins seePLUGINS:minimizer/singlecost--linear-transform=affineβ linear transform to be used. The string value will be used to construct a plug-in. for supported plugins seePLUGINS:2dimage/transform-O,--non-linear-optimizer=gsl:opt=gd,step=0.1β optimizer used for minimization in the non-linear registration. The string value will be used to construct a plug-in. for supported plugins seePLUGINS:minimizer/singlecost-a,--start-c-rate=16β start coefficient rate in spines; it gets divided by--c-rate-dividerwith every pass.--c-rate-divider=2β coefficient rate divider for each pass.-d,--start-divcurl=10000β start divcurl weight; it gets divided by--divcurl-dividerwith every pass.--divcurl-divider=2β divcurl weight scaling with each new pass.-R,--reference=-1β global reference all images should be aligned to. If set to a non-negative value, the images will be aligned to this reference, and the cropped output image data will be injected into the original images. Leave it at-1if you don't care. In this case all images will be registered to a mean position of the movement π«Ά-w,--imagecost=image:weight=1,cost=ssdβ image cost. Do not specify thesrcandrefparameters, these will be set by the program. The string value will be used to construct a plug-in. for supported plugins seePLUGINS:2dimage/fullcost-l,--mg-levels=3β multi-resolution levels-p,--linear-passes=3β linear registration passes (0to disable)-P,--nonlinear-passes=3β non-linear registration passes (0to disable)
π§΅ PLUGINS: 1d/splinebc π§΅
mirrorβ spline interpolation boundary conditions that mirror on the boundary
(no parameters)
repeatβ spline interpolation boundary conditions that repeats the value at the boundary
(no parameters)
zeroβ spline interpolation boundary conditions that assumes zero for values outside
(no parameters)
πͺ’ PLUGINS: 1d/splinekernel πͺ’
bsplineβ B-spline kernel creation, supported parameters are:d = 3; int in [0, 5]β spline degree.
omomsβ OMoms-spline kernel creation, supported parameters are:d = 3; int in [3, 3]β spline degree.
π PLUGINS: 2dimage/cost π
lnccβ local normalized cross correlation with masking support., supported parameters are:w = 5; uint in [1, 256]β half width of the window used for evaluating the localized cross correlation.
lsdβ Least-Squares Distance measure
(no parameters)
miβ spline parzen based mutual information., supported parameters are:cut = 0; float in [0, 40]β percentage of pixels to cut at high and low intensities to remove outliers.mbins = 64; uint in [1, 256]β number of histogram bins used for the moving image.mkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ spline kernel for moving image parzen hinstogram. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernelrbins = 64; uint in [1, 256]β number of histogram bins used for the reference image.rkernel = [bspline:d=0]; factoryβ spline kernel for reference image parzen hinstogram. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernel
nccβ normalized cross correlation.
(no parameters)
ngfβ This function evaluates the image similarity based on normalized gradient fields. Various evaluation kernels are available., supported parameters are:eval = ds; dictβ plugin subtype. Supported values are:sqβ square of differencedsβ square of scaled differencedotβ scalar product kernelcrossβ cross product kernel
ssdβ 2D imaga cost: sum of squared differences, supported parameters are:autothresh = 0; float in [0, 1000]β Use automatic masking of the moving image by only takeing intensity values into accound that are larger than the given threshold.norm = 0; boolβ Set whether the metric should be normalized by the number of image pixels.
ssd-automaskβ 2D image cost: sum of squared differences, with automasking based on given thresholds, supported parameters are:rthresh = 0; doubleβ Threshold intensity value for reference image.sthresh = 0; doubleβ Threshold intensity value for source image.
π PLUGINS: 2dimage/fullcost π
bestie these are the cost function glow-ups that also know how to do multi-resolution (aka the pyramid thing where we shrink the images down and go level by level π ). The actual similarity measure itself? That's handed in as an extra parameter, iykyk.
β¨ image β¨
A generalized image similarity cost function that also handles multi-resolution processing. The real similarity measure gets passed in as an extra parameter. Here's everything it supports:
cost = ssd; factoryβ the cost function kernel. Wanna know which plug-ins that can be? PeepPLUGINS:2dimage/costπ«Άdebug = 0; boolβ saves the intermediate results so you can go snooping for debugging π΅οΈββοΈref =(input, io)β the reference image. For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/iosrc =(input, io)β the study image. For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/ioweight = 1; floatβ how much this cost function counts, weight-wise βοΈ
π labelimage π
A similarity cost function that maps the labels of two images and handles label-preserving multi-resolution processing. (Yes queen, the labels stay intact through the pyramid, no cap.) Here's what it supports:
debug = 0; int in [0, 1]β writes the distance transforms out to a 3D image βοΈmaxlabel = 256; int in [2, 32000]β the maximum number of labels to even considerref =(input, io)β the reference image. For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/iosrc =(input, io)β the study image. For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/ioweight = 1; floatβ how much this cost function counts, weight-wise βοΈ
π¦ maskedimage π¦
A generalized masked image similarity cost function that also handles multi-resolution processing. The actual similarity measure gets passed in as an extra parameter. Here's what it supports:
π¨ real talk: the masks you provide should be densely filled regions when you're doing multi-resolution processing, because otherwise the mask info can literally get lost when the image gets downscaled. Gone. Vaporized. π
Also: the reference mask and the transformed mask of the study image get combined with a binary AND. That's the vibe.
cost = ssd; factoryβ the cost function kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:2dimage/maskedcostref =(input, io)β the reference image. For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/ioref-mask =(input, io)β the reference image mask (binary). For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/iosrc =(input, io)β the study image. For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/iosrc-mask =(input, io)β the study image mask (binary). For which file types are allowed, seePLUGINS:2dimage/ioweight = 1; floatβ how much this cost function counts, weight-wise βοΈ
πΈ PLUGINS: 2dimage/io πΈ
the file-format girls. every one of them an icon in her own right π
π bmp
BMP 2D-image input/output support. This plug-in reads and writes binary images and 8-bit gray scale images. Read-only support is there for 4-bit gray scale images. The color table? Ignored, bestie. The pixel values are just taken as literal gray scale values. Simple. Clean. Periodt.
- Recognized file extensions:
.BMP,.bmp - Supported element types: binary data, unsigned 8 bit
π«Ά datapool
Virtual IO to and from the internal data pool β¨
- Recognized file extensions:
.@
π dicom
2D image io for DICOM
- Recognized file extensions:
.DCM,.dcm - Supported element types: signed 16 bit, unsigned 16 bit
β exr
a 2dimage io plugin for OpenEXR images
- Recognized file extensions:
.EXR,.exr - Supported element types: unsigned 32 bit, floating point 32 bit
π jpg
a 2dimage io plugin for jpeg gray scale images
- Recognized file extensions:
.JPEG,.JPG,.jpeg,.jpg - Supported element types: unsigned 8 bit
π§ png
a 2dimage io plugin for png images
- Recognized file extensions:
.PNG,.png - Supported element types: binary data, unsigned 8 bit, unsigned 16 bit
π₯ raw
RAW 2D-image output support
- Recognized file extensions:
.RAW,.raw - Supported element types: binary data, signed 8 bit, unsigned 8 bit, signed 16 bit, unsigned 16 bit, signed 32 bit, unsigned 32 bit, floating point 32 bit, floating point 64 bit
π tif
TIFF 2D-image input/output support
- Recognized file extensions:
.TIF,.TIFF,.tif,.tiff - Supported element types: binary data, unsigned 8 bit, unsigned 16 bit, unsigned 32 bit
π vista
a 2dimage io plugin for vista images
- Recognized file extensions:
.-,.V,.VISTA,.v,.vista - Supported element types: binary data, signed 8 bit, unsigned 8 bit, signed 16 bit, unsigned 16 bit, signed 32 bit, unsigned 32 bit, floating point 32 bit, floating point 64 bit
π PLUGINS: 2dimage/maskedcost π
cost functions that also respect your masks. so thoughtful of them π₯Ή
β¨ lncc β¨
local normalized cross correlation, with masking support. Here's what it takes:
w = 5; uint in [1, 256]β half width of the window used when evaluating the localized cross correlation πͺ
π mi π
Spline parzen based mutual information, with masking. Its parameters:
cut = 0; float in [0, 40]β percentage of pixels to cut off at the high and low intensities, so the outliers get yeeted βοΈmbins = 64; uint in [1, 256]β number of histogram bins used for the moving imagemkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ spline kernel for the moving image parzen histogram. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernelrbins = 64; uint in [1, 256]β number of histogram bins used for the reference imagerkernel = [bspline:d=0]; factoryβ spline kernel for the reference image parzen histogram. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernel
π ncc π
normalized cross correlation, with masking support π«Ά
- (no parameters)
π¦ ssd π¦
Sum of squared differences, with masking π
- (no parameters)
π₯ PLUGINS: 2dimage/transform π₯
the transformation roster. pick your fighter π₯
β affine β
Affine transformation, six degrees of freedom. Slay. Here's what she takes:
imgboundary = mirror; factoryβ image interpolation boundary conditions. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinebcimgkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ image interpolator kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernel
π rigid π
Rigid transformations β that's rotation plus translation, three degrees of freedom. Parameters:
imgboundary = mirror; factoryβ image interpolation boundary conditions. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinebcimgkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ image interpolator kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernelrot-center = [[0,0]]; 2dfvectorβ relative rotation center. Like,<0.5,0.5>corresponds to the center of the support rectangle π―
π rotation π
Rotation transformations β rotation about a given center, one degree of freedom. Parameters:
imgboundary = mirror; factoryβ image interpolation boundary conditions. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinebcimgkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ image interpolator kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernelrot-center = [[0,0]]; 2dfvectorβ relative rotation center. Like,<0.5,0.5>corresponds to the center of the support rectangle π―
π¦ spline π¦
A free-form transformation that you can describe with a set of B-spline coefficients plus an underlying B-spline kernel. The flexible one. The main character, honestly π
anisorate = [[0,0]]; 2dfvectorβ anisotropic coefficient rate in pixels. Nonpositive values get overwritten by theratevalue, no discussion.imgboundary = mirror; factoryβ image interpolation boundary conditions. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinebcimgkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ image interpolator kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernelkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ transformation spline kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernelpenalty = ; factoryβ transformation penalty term. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:2dtransform/splinepenaltyrate = 10; float in [1, inf)β isotropic coefficient rate, in pixels π
π translate π
Translation only, two degrees of freedom. The simple one, and that's on minimalism β¨
imgboundary = mirror; factoryβ image interpolation boundary conditions. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinebcimgkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ image interpolator kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernel
π vf π
This plug-in implements a transformation that defines a translation for each point of the grid defining the domain of the transformation. Every single point gets its own little translation, obsessed.
imgboundary = mirror; factoryβ image interpolation boundary conditions. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinebcimgkernel = [bspline:d=3]; factoryβ image interpolator kernel. For supported plug-ins seePLUGINS:1d/splinekernel
β¨π PLUGINS: 2dtransform/splinepenalty π β¨
okay bestie, so 2dtransform/splinepenalty is giving one plugin vibe: divcurl, and it's literally the divcurl penalty on the transformation. the supported parameters are right here, no cap:
divcurlβ divcurl penalty on the transformation, supported parameters are:curl = 1; float in [0, inf)β penalty weight on curl. β¨div = 1; float in [0, inf)β penalty weight on divergence. πnorm = 0; boolβ Set to1if the penalty should be normalized with respect to the image size. πweight = 1; float in (0, inf)β weight of penalty energy. π
πΈπ¦ PLUGINS: fastica/implementation π¦πΈ
okay so FastICA has two implementations here, bestie, and both are iconic in their own way:
internalβ This is the MIA implementation of the FastICA algorithm.(no parameters)πitppβ This is the IT++ implementation of the FastICA algorithm.(no parameters)β
gdas β gradient descent but make it β¨self-correctingβ¨
bestie this one is gradient descent with automatic step size correction, and the params it fw are:
ftolr=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stop if the relative change of the criterion is below. πmax-step=2(doublein(0, inf)) β the maximal absolute step size.maxiter=200(uintin[1, inf)) β stopping criterion: the maximum number of iterations.min-step=0.1(doublein(0, inf)) β the minimal absolute step size.xtola=0.01(doublein[0, inf)) β stop if the inf-norm of the change applied toxis below this value.
gdsq β gradient descent, but it estimates the step, iconic
this one is gradient descent with quadratic step estimation, and it takes:
ftolr=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stop if the relative change of the criterion is below. πgtola=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stop if the inf-norm of the gradient is below this value.maxiter=100(uintin[1, inf)) β stopping criterion: the maximum number of iterations.scale=2(doublein(1, inf)) β the fallback fixed step size scaling.step=0.1(doublein(0, inf)) β the initial step size.xtola=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stop if the inf-norm of thex-update is below this value. π¦
gsl β the GNU Scientific Library optimizer plug-in
this one is an optimizer plugin built on the multimin optimizers from the GNU Scientific Library (GSL), over at https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/ β slay. its params:
eps=0.01(doublein(0, inf)) β for the gradient based optimizers: stop when|grad| < eps; for simplex: stop when the simplex size< eps.iter=100(uintin[1, inf)) β the maximum number of iterations.opt=gd(dict) β which specific optimizer to use. the supported values are:simplexβ Simplex algorithm of Nelder and Meadcg-frβ Flecher-Reeves conjugate gradient algorithmcg-prβ Polak-Ribiere conjugate gradient algorithmbfgsβ Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shannbfgs2β Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shann (most efficient version)gdβ Gradient descent
step=0.001(doublein(0, inf)) β the initial step size.tol=0.1(doublein(0, inf)) β some tolerance parameter. (yes really, that's the whole description, i'm not making stuff up π«Ά)
nlopt β minimizer algorithms via the NLOPT library
for a description of the optimizers please see http://ab-initio.mit.edu/wiki/index.php/NLopt_Algorithms. now the params, and bestie there are a lot:
ftola=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stopping criterion: the absolute change of the objective value is below this value.ftolr=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stopping criterion: the relative change of the objective value is below this value.higher=inf(double) β the higher boundary (equal for all parameters).local-opt=none(dict) β a local minimization algorithm that may be required for the main minimization algorithm. supported values are:gn-directβ Dividing Rectanglesgn-direct-lβ Dividing Rectangles (locally biased)gn-direct-l-randβ Dividing Rectangles (locally biased, randomized)gn-direct-noscalβ Dividing Rectangles (unscaled)gn-direct-l-noscalβ Dividing Rectangles (unscaled, locally biased)gn-direct-l-rand-noscaleβ Dividing Rectangles (unscaled, locally biased, randomized)gn-orig-directβ Dividing Rectangles (original implementation)gn-orig-direct-lβ Dividing Rectangles (original implementation, locally biased)ld-lbfgs-nocedalβ Noneld-lbfgsβ Low-storage BFGSln-praxisβ Gradient-free Local Optimization via the Principal-Axis Methodld-var1β Shifted Limited-Memory Variable-Metric, Rank 1ld-var2β Shifted Limited-Memory Variable-Metric, Rank 2ld-tnewtonβ Truncated Newtonld-tnewton-restartβ Truncated Newton with steepest-descent restartingld-tnewton-precondβ Preconditioned Truncated Newtonld-tnewton-precond-restartβ Preconditioned Truncated Newton with steepest-descent restartinggn-crs2-lmβ Controlled Random Search with Local Mutationld-mmaβ Method of Moving Asymptotesln-cobylaβ Constrained Optimization BY Linear Approximationln-newuoaβ Derivative-free Unconstrained Optimization by Iteratively Constructed Quadratic Approximationln-newuoa-boundβ Derivative-free Bound-constrained Optimization by Iteratively Constructed Quadratic Approximationln-neldermeadβ Nelder-Mead simplex algorithmln-sbplxβ Subplex variant of Nelder-Meadln-bobyqaβ Derivative-free Bound-constrained Optimizationgn-isresβ Improved Stochastic Ranking Evolution Strategynoneβ don't specify algorithm
lower=-inf(double) β the lower boundary (equal for all parameters).maxiter=100(intin[1, inf)) β stopping criterion: the maximum number of iterations.opt=ld-lbfgs(dict) β the main minimization algorithm. supported values are:gn-directβ Dividing Rectanglesgn-direct-lβ Dividing Rectangles (locally biased)gn-direct-l-randβ Dividing Rectangles (locally biased, randomized)gn-direct-noscalβ Dividing Rectangles (unscaled)gn-direct-l-noscalβ Dividing Rectangles (unscaled, locally biased)gn-direct-l-rand-noscaleβ Dividing Rectangles (unscaled, locally biased, randomized)gn-orig-directβ Dividing Rectangles (original implementation)gn-orig-direct-lβ Dividing Rectangles (original implementation, locally biased)ld-lbfgs-nocedalβ Noneld-lbfgsβ Low-storage BFGSln-praxisβ Gradient-free Local Optimization via the Principal-Axis Methodld-var1β Shifted Limited-Memory Variable-Metric, Rank 1ld-var2β Shifted Limited-Memory Variable-Metric, Rank 2ld-tnewtonβ Truncated Newtonld-tnewton-restartβ Truncated Newton with steepest-descent restartingld-tnewton-precondβ Preconditioned Truncated Newtonld-tnewton-precond-restartβ Preconditioned Truncated Newton with steepest-descent restartinggn-crs2-lmβ Controlled Random Search with Local Mutationld-mmaβ Method of Moving Asymptotesln-cobylaβ Constrained Optimization BY Linear Approximationln-newuoaβ Derivative-free Unconstrained Optimization by Iteratively Constructed Quadratic Approximationln-newuoa-boundβ Derivative-free Bound-constrained Optimization by Iteratively Constructed Quadratic Approximationln-neldermeadβ Nelder-Mead simplex algorithmln-sbplxβ Subplex variant of Nelder-Meadln-bobyqaβ Derivative-free Bound-constrained Optimizationgn-isresβ Improved Stochastic Ranking Evolution Strategyauglagβ Augmented Lagrangian algorithmauglag-eqβ Augmented Lagrangian algorithm with equality constraints onlyg-mlslβ Multi-Level Single-Linkage (require local optimization and bounds)g-mlsl-ldsβ Multi-Level Single-Linkage (low-discrepancy-sequence, require local gradient based optimization and bounds)ld-slsqpβ Sequential Least-Squares Quadratic Programming
step=0(doublein[0, inf)) β the initial step size for gradient free methods.stop=-inf(double) β stopping criterion: function value falls below this value.xtola=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stopping criterion: the absolute change of all x-values is below this value.xtolr=0(doublein[0, inf)) β stopping criterion: the relative change of all x-values is below this value.
πΈ EXAMPLE πΈ
register the perfusion series given in segment.set by using automatic ICA estimation. skip two images at the beginning and otherwiese use the default parameters. store the result in registered.set.
mia-2dmyoica-full -i segment.set -o registered.set -k 2
π AUTHOR(s) π
Gert Wollny
π COPYRIGHT π
this software is Copyright (c) 1999β2015 Leipzig, Germany and Madrid, Spain. it comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY and you may redistribute it under the terms of the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3 (or later). for more information run the program with the option --copyright.
and that's the whole page bestie, you made it to the end π this little number is part of the USER COMMANDS crew, it's at version v2.4.7, and its page name is literally mia-2dmyoica-full(1) β go forth and register some hearts, ily, periodt π
β¨π¦
π¦ where this page comes from
- ubuntu resolute: mia-tools 2.4.7-18 Β· GPL-3.0-or-later
- ubuntu stonking: mia-tools 2.4.7-19build1 Β· GPL-3.0-or-later
- π girlified by deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash on : a language model's rewrite of the original, under its terms