g.parser(1)

💖 g.parser — the manual page, bestie edition 💖

okay so you're reading the GRASS GIS User's Manual page for g.parser(1) and honestly? you're about to have a great time. this is the lil guy that makes your scrappy little script feel like a whole real GRASS module. let's get into it 🫶

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✨ NAME ✨

g.parser — provides full parser support for GRASS scripts.

🏷️ KEYWORDS ✨

general, support, scripts

📜 SYNOPSIS ✨

g.parser --help
g.parser [-s] [-t]  [-n] filename [argument,...]

🚩 Flags:

• -t — print strings for translation
• -s — write option values to standard output instead of reinvoking script
• -n — write option values to standard output separated by null character

🌸 DESCRIPTION 🌨️

so g.parser is the module that gives GRASS scripts full parser support, and that means a LOT, bestie: an auto-generated GUI interface, a help page template, and command line option checking. the way that turns a "simple script" into a full-fledged GRASS module basically instantly?? iconic. no cap.

✨ OPTIONS ✨

unless you use the -s or -n switch, the arguments get stored in environment variables so your scripts can use them. those variables are named "GIS_FLAG_<NAME>" for flags and "GIS_OPT_<NAME>" for options. and the names get converted to upper case — periodt. so like, if an option with key input was defined in the script header, the value will be chillin' in the variable GIS_OPT_INPUT, and the value of a flag with key f will be in the variable GIS_FLAG_F. 💅

for flags, the value is "1" if the flag was given, and "0" otherwise. simple as that.

if you DO use the -s or -n switch, the options and flags get written to standard output in the form opt_<name>=<value> and flag_<name>=<value>, preceded by the string @ARGS_PARSED@. and this part matters, so listen up: if that string does not appear as the first line of standard output, it means the script was invoked with a switch like --html-description. in that case, the data written by g.parser to standard output should be copied to the script's standard output verbatim. don't get cute with it. 🙈

if the -s switch is used, the options and flags are separated by newlines. if the -n switch is used, they're separated by null characters.

typical header definitions are as follows:

# %module
# % description: g.parser test script
# %end
# %flag
# % key: f
# % description: A flag
# %end
# %option
# % key: raster
# % type: string
# % gisprompt: old,cell,raster
# % description: Raster input map
# % required: yes
# %end

with {NULL} it's possible to suppress a predefined description or label. ✨

the parsers allows using predefined standardized options and flags — go check the list of options and flags in the programmer manual. eg. the option

# %option
# % key: raster
# % type: string
# % gisprompt: old,cell,raster
# % description: Raster input map
# % required: yes
# %end

can be easily defined as

# %option G_OPT_R_MAP
# % key: raster
# %end

the parser also lets you define predefined rules for used options. the syntax of the rules section is:

# %rules
# % exclusive: capfile_output, capfile
# %end

the parser also allows defining "OR" conditions, e.g. requiring raster OR vector (for details, see below), e.g. for options:

# %rules
# % required: raster, vector
# %end

and e.g., for flags:

# %rules
# % required: -i,-d,-c
# %end

📝 NOTES ✨

an option can be told to allow multiple inputs by adding this line:

# % multiple: yes

while this will only directly change the Usage section of the help screen, the option's environmental string may be easily parsed from within a script. for example, individual comma separated identities for an option named "input" can be parsed with the following Bash shell code:

IFS=,
for opt in $GIS_OPT_INPUT ; do
    ... "$opt"
done

a "guisection" field may be added to each option and flag to specify that the options should appear in multiple tabs in the auto-generated GUI. any options without a guisection field go into the "Required" or "Options" tab. for example:

# % guisection: tabname

would put that option in a tab named tabname. cute, right? 🎀

a "key_desc" field may be added to each option to specify the text that appears in the module's usage help section. for example:

# % key_desc: filename

added to an input option would create the usage summary [input=filename].

if a script is run with --o, the parser will set GRASS_OVERWRITE=1, which has the same effect as passing --o to every module which is run from the script. similarly, passing --q or --v will set GRASS_VERBOSE to 0 or 3 respectively, which has the same effect as passing --q or --v to every module which is run from the script. rather than checking whether --o, --q or --v were used, you should be checking GRASS_OVERWRITE and/or GRASS_VERBOSE instead. if those variables are set, the script should behave the same way regardless of whether they were set by --o, --q or --v being passed to the script or set by other means. lowkey this is the part people get wrong, so iykyk. 💜

for backwards compatibility reasons, the header definitions can use #% instead of # % as in #% multiple: yes. however, Python code should use # % in order to conform to PEP8.

🌈 Conditional parameters

marking an option as "required" will result in the parser raising a fatal error if the option is not given, with one exception: if a flag has the suppress_required option, and that flag is given, all requirements are ignored. this feature is intended for flags which abandon "normal operation" for the module; e.g. r.in.gdal's -f flag (list supported formats) uses it.

but in general, an option cannot be marked as required if it is optional except for the special case of a suppress_required flag. the parser has the ability to specify option relationships.

for C, the relevant functions are those in lib/gis/parser_dependencies.c.

for scripts, relationships are specified using a "rules" section, e.g.

# %rules
# % required: altitude,elevation
# %end

specifies that at least one of those options must be given. both options and flags can be specified (a leading - denotes a flag). the available rule types are:

• exclusive: at most one of the options may be given
• required: at least one of the options must be given
• requires: if the first option is given, at least one of the subsequent options must also be given
• requires_all: if the first option is given, all of the subsequent options must also be given
• excludes: if the first option is given, none of the subsequent options may be given
• collective: all or nothing; if any option is given, all must be given

🤖 AUTOMATED SCRIPT CREATION ✨

the flag --script added to a GRASS command generates shell output. to write out a g.parser boilerplate for easy prototyping of Python scripts, the flag --script can be added to any GRASS command. example:

v.in.db --script

🎀 Help page template (HTML)

the flag --html-description added to a GRASS command generates a related help page template in HTML. example:

v.in.db --html-description

🖥️ GUI window parser (XML)

the flag --interface-description added to a GRASS command generates a related help page template in XML. example:

v.in.db --interface-description

🍓 JSON

the flag --json added to a GRASS command with parameters mandatorily to be specified generates a module interface description in JSON. example:

v.in.db driver=sqlite database=mysqlite.db table=pointsfile x=x y=y z=z key=idcol out=dtmpoints --json
{
  "module": "v.in.db",
  "id": "v.in.db_1804289383",
  "inputs":[
     {"param": "table", "value": "pointsfile"},
     {"param": "driver", "value": "sqlite"},
     {"param": "database", "value": "mysqlite.db"},
     {"param": "x", "value": "x"},
     {"param": "y", "value": "y"},
     {"param": "z", "value": "z"},
     {"param": "key", "value": "idcol"}
   ],
  "outputs":[
     {"param": "output", "value": "dtmpoints"}
   ]
}

🌐 Web Processing Service (WPS)

the flag --wps-process-description added to a GRASS command generates a Web Processing Service process description. example:

v.in.db --wps-process-description

🦋 reStructuredText

the flag --rst-description added to a GRASS command generates module interface description in reStructuredText, a lightweight markup language. example:

v.in.db --rst-description

reStructuredText is sometimes abbreviated as reST, ReST, or RST. the commonly used file extension is .rst. don't be confused with Representational State Transfer (REST) technology — they are NOT the same thing, bestie. 💀

🌟 TRANSLATION ✨

g.parser provides some support for translating the options of scripts. if called with the -t switch before the script filename like this

g.parser -t somescriptfile

g.parser will print the text of the translatable options to standard output, one per line, and exit. this is for internal use within the build system to prepare GRASS scripts for translation. 🧚

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okay and that's not even the whole page — more is coming, so don't go anywhere 👑

💖 EXAMPLES 💖

okay bestie, every single one of these examples autogenerates the graphical user interface when you invoke it with no parameters and no flags. it's giving ✨magic✨ fr fr.

For it to actually run properly, your script needs to be copied into a directory that's listed in the $GRASS_ADDON_PATH environmental variable, and the executable flag needs to be set. no skipping that step, iykyk.

The script will hand you a GUI (like the one up above 👆) plus this usage help text:

test.py|sh|pl --help
Description:
 g.parser test script (python)
Usage:
 test.sh [-f] raster=string vector=string [option1=string]
   [--verbose] [--quiet]
Flags:
  -f   A flag
 --v   Verbose module output
 --q   Quiet module output
Parameters:
   raster   Raster input map
   vector   Vector input map
  option1   An option

---

🐍 Example code for Python

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# g.parser demo script for python programming
# %module
# % description: g.parser test script (python)
# % keyword: keyword1
# % keyword: keyword2
# %end
# %flag
# % key: f
# % description: A flag
# %end
# %option G_OPT_R_MAP
# % key: raster
# % required: yes
# %end
# %option G_OPT_V_MAP
# % key: vector
# %end
# %option
# % key: option1
# % type: string
# % description: An option
# % required: no
# %end
import os
import sys
import grass.script as gs
def main():
    flag_f = flags[’f’]
    option1 = options[’option1’]
    raster = options[’raster’]
    vector = options[’vector’]
    #### add your code here ####
    if flag_f:
        print "Flag -f set"
    else:
        print "Flag -f not set"
    # test if parameter present:
    if option1:
        print "Value of option1 option: ’%s’" % option1
    print "Value of raster option: ’%s’" % raster
    print "Value of vector option: ’%s’" % vector
    #### end of your code ####
    return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
    options, flags = gs.parser()
    sys.exit(main())

---

🐚 Example code for SHELL

#!/bin/sh
# g.parser demo script for shell programming
# %module
# % description: g.parser test script (shell)
# %end
# %flag
# % key: f
# % description: A flag
# %end
# %option G_OPT_R_MAP
# % key: raster
# % required: yes
# %end
# %option G_OPT_V_MAP
# % key: vector
# %end
# %option
# % key: option1
# % type: string
# % description: An option
# % required: no
# %end
if [ -z "$GISBASE" ] ; then
    echo "You must be in GRASS GIS to run this program." 1>&2
    exit 1
fi
if [ "$1" != "@ARGS_PARSED@" ] ; then
    exec g.parser "$0" "$@"
fi
#### add your code below ####
echo ""
if [ $GIS_FLAG_F -eq 1 ] ; then
  g.message message="Flag -f set"
else
  g.message message="Flag -f not set"
fi
# test if parameter present:
if [ -n "$GIS_OPT_OPTION1" ] ; then
    echo "Value of GIS_OPT_OPTION1: ’$GIS_OPT_OPTION1’"
fi
g.message message="Value of GIS_OPT_option1: ’$GIS_OPT_option1’"
g.message message="Value of GIS_OPT_raster: ’$GIS_OPT_raster’"
g.message message="Value of GIS_OPT_vect: ’$GIS_OPT_vector’"
#### end of your code ####

---

🐪 Example code for Perl

#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use strict;
# g.parser demo script
# %module
# %  description: g.parser test script (perl)
# %  keyword: keyword1
# %  keyword: keyword2
# %end
# %flag
# %  key: f
# %  description: A flag
# %end
# %option G_OPT_R_MAP
# % key: raster
# % required: yes
# %end
# %option G_OPT_V_MAP
# % key: vector
# %end
# %option
# % key: option1
# % type: string
# % description: An option
# % required: no
# %end
if ( !$ENV{’GISBASE’} ) {
    printf(STDERR  "You must be in GRASS GIS to run this program.\n");
    exit 1;
}
if( $ARGV[0] ne ’@ARGS_PARSED@’ ){
    my $arg = "";
    for (my $i=0; $i < @ARGV;$i++) {
        $arg .= " $ARGV[$i] ";
    }
    system("$ENV{GISBASE}/bin/g.parser $0 $arg");
    exit;
}
#### add your code here ####
print  "\n";
if ( $ENV{’GIS_FLAG_F’} eq "1" ){
   print "Flag -f set\n"
}
else {
   print "Flag -f not set\n"
}
printf ("Value of GIS_OPT_option1: ’%s’\n", $ENV{’GIS_OPT_OPTION1’});
printf ("Value of GIS_OPT_raster: ’%s’\n", $ENV{’GIS_OPT_RASTER’});
printf ("Value of GIS_OPT_vect: ’%s’\n", $ENV{’GIS_OPT_VECTOR’});
#### end of your code ####

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🌈 Easy creation of a script

bestie this part is so convenient. by passing the --script flag to any GRASS GIS module (you gotta be inside a GRASS GIS session for this), it prints out the header, description, keywords, parameters, flags and a template main Python script section right there in your terminal. save that to a file and boom — you're already programming. 💅

In this example, the module v.what.rast is being used as the example. the output is shown below:

v.what.rast --script
#!/usr/bin/env python3
############################################################################
#
# MODULE:       v.what.rast_wrapper
# AUTHOR(S):    username
# PURPOSE:      Wrapper for v.what.rast
# COPYRIGHT:    (C) 2017 by username, and the GRASS Development Team
#
#  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
#  (at your option) any later version.
#
#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#  GNU General Public License for more details.
#
############################################################################
# %module
# % description: Uploads raster values at positions of vector points to the table.
# % keyword: vector, sampling, raster, position, querying, attribute table, surface information
# %end
# %flag
# % key: i
# % description: Interpolate values from the nearest four cells
# %end
# %flag
# % key: p
# % description: Print categories and values instead of updating the database
# %end
# %option
# % key: map
# % type: string
# % required: yes
# % multiple: no
# % key_desc: name
# % label: Name of vector points map for which to edit attributes
# % description: Or data source for direct OGR access
# % gisprompt: old,vector,vector
# %end
# %option
# % key: layer
# % type: string
# % required: no
# % multiple: no
# % label: Layer number or name
# % description: Vector features can have category values in different layers. This number determines which layer to use. When used with direct OGR access this is the layer name.
# % answer: 1
# % gisprompt: old,layer,layer
# %end
# %option
# % key: type
# % type: string
# % required: no
# % multiple: yes
# % options: point,centroid
# % description: Input feature type
# % answer: point
# %end
# %option
# % key: raster
# % type: string
# % required: yes
# % multiple: no
# % key_desc: name
# % description: Name of existing raster map to be queried
# % gisprompt: old,cell,raster
# %end
# %option
# % key: column
# % type: string
# % required: no
# % multiple: no
# % key_desc: name
# % description: Name of attribute column to be updated with the query result
# % gisprompt: old,dbcolumn,dbcolumn
# %end
# %option
# % key: where
# % type: string
# % required: no
# % multiple: no
# % key_desc: sql_query
# % label: WHERE conditions of SQL statement without ’where’ keyword
# % description: Example: income < 1000 and population >= 10000
# %end
import sys
import grass.script as gs
def main():
    # put code here
    return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
    options, flags = gs.parser()
    sys.exit(main())

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👀 SEE ALSO 👀

• g.filename, g.findfile, g.tempfile
• Overview table: Parser standard options
• Style Guide: Developing Python scripts
• Related Wiki pages: Using GRASS GIS with other programming languages

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✍️ AUTHOR ✍️

Glynn Clements

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📦 SOURCE CODE 📦

Available at: g.parser source code (history)

Accessed: Saturday Jan 17 05:40:39 2026

Main index | General index | Topics index | Keywords index | Graphical index | Full index

© 2003-2025 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 8.4.2 Reference Manual

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and that's a wrap on g.parser, bestie!! 🎀 you read the whole thing, you're literally the main character of manual-reading rn, ate and left no crumbs 👑

this lil legend lives in GRASS 8.4.2 and this page was stamped on Saturday Jan 17 05:40:39 2026 — go forth and script, fr fr 💖✨