bc(1)

💅 bc(1) — An arbitrary precision calculator language

okay so this is the bc(1) page from the General Commands Manual, and bestie, it's literally a whole arbitrary precision calculator language. slay. 🎀

🌸 NAME 🌸

bc — An arbitrary precision calculator language

✨ SYNTAX ✨

bc [ -hlwsqv ] [long-options] [  file ... ]

🦋 DESCRIPTION 🦋

bc is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers with interactive execution of statements. There are some similarities in the syntax to the C programming language. A standard math library is available by command line option. If requested, the math library is defined before processing any files. bc starts by processing code from all the files listed on the command line in the order listed. After all files have been processed, bc reads from the standard input. All code is executed as it is read. (If a file contains a command to halt the processor, bc will never read from the standard input.)

This version of bc contains several extensions beyond traditional bc implementations and the POSIX draft standard. Command line options can cause these extensions to print a warning or to be rejected. This document describes the language accepted by this processor. Extensions will be identified as such. 💖

💅 OPTIONS 💅

• -h, --help — Print the usage and exit. iconic.
• -i, --interactive — Force interactive mode.
• -l, --mathlib — Define the standard math library.
• -w, --warn — Give warnings for extensions to POSIX bc.
• -s, --standard — Process exactly the POSIX bc language.
• -q, --quiet — Do not print the normal GNU bc welcome.
• -v, --version — Print the version number and copyright and quit.

🔢 NUMBERS 🔢

The most basic element in bc is the number. Numbers are arbitrary precision numbers. This precision is both in the integer part and the fractional part. All numbers are represented internally in decimal and all computation is done in decimal. (This version truncates results from divide and multiply operations.) There are two attributes of numbers, the length and the scale. The length is the total number of decimal digits used by bc to represent a number and the scale is the total number of decimal digits after the decimal point. For example:

.000001 has a length of 6 and scale of 6.
1935.000 has a length of 7 and a scale of 3.

🧮 VARIABLES 🧮

Numbers are stored in two types of variables, simple variables and arrays. Both simple variables and array variables are named. Names begin with a letter followed by any number of letters, digits and underscores. All letters must be lower case. (Full alphanumeric names are an extension. In POSIX bc all names are a single lower case letter.) The type of variable is clear by the context because all array variable names will be followed by brackets ([]).

There are four special variables, scale, ibase, obase, and last. scale defines how some operations use digits after the decimal point. The default value of scale is 0. ibase and obase define the conversion base for input and output numbers. The default for both input and output is base 10. last (an extension) is a variable that has the value of the last printed number. These will be discussed in further detail where appropriate. All of these variables may have values assigned to them as well as used in expressions.

💬 COMMENTS 💬

Comments in bc start with the characters /* and end with the characters */. Comments may start anywhere and appear as a single space in the input. (This causes comments to delimit other input items. For example, a comment can not be found in the middle of a variable name.) Comments include any newlines (end of line) between the start and the end of the comment.

To support the use of scripts for bc, a single line comment has been added as an extension. A single line comment starts at a # character and continues to the next end of the line. The end of line character is not part of the comment and is processed normally.

🌈 EXPRESSIONS 🌈

The numbers are manipulated by expressions and statements. Since the language was designed to be interactive, statements and expressions are executed as soon as possible. There is no "main" program. Instead, code is executed as it is encountered. (Functions, discussed in detail later, are defined when encountered.)

A simple expression is just a constant. bc converts constants into internal decimal numbers using the current input base, specified by the variable ibase. (There is an exception in functions.) The valid values for ibase are 2 through 36. (Bases greater than 16 are an extension.) Assigning a value outside this range to ibase will result in a value of 2 or 36. Input numbers may contain the characters 0–9 and A–Z. (Note: They must be capitals. Lower case letters are variable names.) Single digit numbers always have the value of the digit regardless of the value of ibase. (i.e. A = 10.) For multi-digit numbers, bc changes all input digits greater or equal to ibase to the value of ibase-1. This makes the number ZZZ always be the largest 3 digit number of the input base.

Full expressions are similar to many other high level languages. Since there is only one kind of number, there are no rules for mixing types. Instead, there are rules on the scale of expressions. Every expression has a scale. This is derived from the scale of original numbers, the operation performed and in many cases, the value of the variable scale. Valid values of the variable scale are 0 to the maximum number representable by a C integer.

In the following descriptions of valid expressions, expr refers to a complete expression and var refers to a simple or an array variable. A simple variable is just a

name

and an array variable is specified as

name[expr]

Unless specifically mentioned the scale of the result is the maximum scale of the expressions involved.

• - expr — The result is the negation of the expression.
• ++ var — The variable is incremented by one and the new value is the result of the expression.
• -- var — The variable is decremented by one and the new value is the result of the expression.
• var ++ — The result of the expression is the value of the variable and then the variable is incremented by one.
• var -- — The result of the expression is the value of the variable and then the variable is decremented by one.
• expr + expr — The result of the expression is the sum of the two expressions.
• expr - expr — The result of the expression is the difference of the two expressions.
• expr * expr — The result of the expression is the product of the two expressions.
• expr / expr — The result of the expression is the quotient of the two expressions. The scale of the result is the value of the variable scale.
• expr % expr — The result of the expression is the "remainder" and it is computed in the following way. To compute a%b, first a/b is computed to scale digits. That result is used to compute a-(a/b)*b to the scale of the maximum of scale+scale(b) and scale(a). If scale is set to zero and both expressions are integers this expression is the integer remainder function.
• expr ^ expr — The result of the expression is the value of the first raised to the second. The second expression must be an integer. (If the second expression is not an integer, a warning is generated and the expression is truncated to get an integer value.) The scale of the result is scale if the exponent is negative. If the exponent is positive the scale of the result is the minimum of the scale of the first expression times the value of the exponent and the maximum of scale and the scale of the first expression. (e.g. scale(a^b) = min(scale(a)*b, max( scale, scale(a))).) It should be noted that expr^0 will always return the value of 1.
• ( expr ) — This alters the standard precedence to force the evaluation of the expression.
• var = expr — The variable is assigned the value of the expression.
• var <op>= expr — This is equivalent to var = var <op> expr with the exception that the var part is evaluated only once. This can make a difference if var is an array.

Relational expressions are a special kind of expression that always evaluate to 0 or 1, 0 if the relation is false and 1 if the relation is true. These may appear in any valid expression. (POSIX bc requires that relational expressions are used only in if, while, and for statements and that only one relational test may be done in them.) The relational operators are

• expr1 < expr2 — The result is 1 if expr1 is strictly less than expr2.
• expr1 <= expr2 — The result is 1 if expr1 is less than or equal to expr2.
• expr1 > expr2 — The result is 1 if expr1 is strictly greater than expr2.
• expr1 >= expr2 — The result is 1 if expr1 is greater than or equal to expr2.
• expr1 == expr2 — The result is 1 if expr1 is equal to expr2.
• expr1 != expr2 — The result is 1 if expr1 is not equal to expr2.

Boolean operations are also valid. (POSIX bc does NOT have boolean operations). The result of all boolean operations are 0 and 1 (for false and true) as in relational expressions. The boolean operators are:

• !expr — The result is 1 if expr is 0.
• expr && expr — The result is 1 if both expressions are non-zero.
• expr || expr — The result is 1 if either expression is non-zero.

The expression precedence is as follows: (lowest to highest)

• || operator, left associative
• && operator, left associative
• ! operator, nonassociative
• Relational operators, left associative
• Assignment operator, right associative
• + and - operators, left associative
• *, / and % operators, left associative
• ^ operator, right associative
• unary - operator, nonassociative
• ++ and -- operators, nonassociative

This precedence was chosen so that POSIX compliant bc programs will run correctly. This will cause the use of the relational and logical operators to have some unusual behavior when used with assignment expressions. Consider the expression:

a = 3 < 5

Most C programmers would assume this would assign the result of "3 < 5" (the value 1) to the variable "a". What this does in bc is assign the value 3 to the variable "a" and then compare 3 to 5. It is best to use parenthesis when using relational and logical operators with the assignment operators. Please use parenthesis, bestie. Your future self will thank you. 😭

Okay so there are a few more special expressions hanging out in bc, and they're all about user defined functions and standard functions — they all show up looking like "name(parameters)" ✨ (user defined ones get their own section later, don't worry). The standard ones are:

• length ( expression ) — gives you the number of significant digits in the expression. That's it, that's the whole vibe 💅
• read ( ) — this one's an extension, and it reads a number from standard input no matter where in the function it shows up 😳. Beware though: this can cause problems when you're mixing data and program together in standard input. The best use for this function is in a previously written program that needs input from the user but never allows program code to be input from the user, iykyk. The value of read is the number read from standard input, using the current value of the variable ibase as the conversion base 💖
• scale ( expression ) — the number of digits after the decimal point in the expression. Cute, simple, iconic 🎀
• sqrt ( expression ) — the square root of the expression 🌸. If the expression is negative, a run time error gets generated. Not cute. Avoid 🫶

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💬 STATEMENTS 💬

Statements (like in basically most algebraic languages) give you the sequencing of expression evaluation. In bc, statements are executed "as soon as possible". Execution happens when a newline is encountered and there's one or more complete statements sitting there. Because of this immediate-execution thing, newlines are very important in bc — fr fr. In fact, both a semicolon and a newline are used as statement separators, and an improperly placed newline will cause a syntax error 💀

And because newlines are statement separators, you can hide a newline by using the backslash character. The sequence "\<nl>", where <nl> is the newline, appears to bc as whitespace instead of a newline 🦋

A statement list is a series of statements separated by semicolons and newlines. Here's the rundown of bc statements and what they do — and anything in brackets ([]) is an optional part of the statement, bestie:

• expression — this statement does one of two things. If the expression starts with "<variable> <assignment> ...", it's considered an assignment statement. If it's not an assignment statement, the expression is evaluated and printed to the output, and after the number is printed, a newline is printed. For example, "a=1" is an assignment statement, and "(a=1)" is an expression that has an embedded assignment 😌 All numbers that get printed are printed in the base specified by the variable obase, and the valid values for obase are 2 through BC_BASE_MAX (peep the section LIMITS). For bases 2 through 16, the usual method of writing numbers is used. For bases greater than 16, bc uses a multi-character digit method of printing the numbers where each higher base digit is printed as a base 10 number — and those multi-character digits are separated by spaces. Each digit contains the number of characters required to represent the base ten value of "obase-1" 🔥

Since numbers are of arbitrary precision, some numbers may not be printable on a single output line. These long numbers will be split across lines using the "\" as the last character on a line, and the maximum number of characters printed per line is 70 ✨

Due to the interactive nature of bc, printing a number causes the side effect of assigning the printed value to the special variable last — which lets you recover the last value printed without having to retype the expression that printed the number, thank god 😭 Assigning to last is valid and will overwrite the last printed value with the assigned value. The newly assigned value will remain until the next number is printed or another value is assigned to last. (Some installations may allow the use of a single period (.) which is not part of a number as a shorthand notation for last 🎀)

• string — the string is printed to the output. Strings start with a double quote character and contain all characters until the next double quote character. All characters are taken literally, including any newline. No newline character is printed after the string 🦋
• print list — the print statement (an extension) gives you another method of output. The "list" is a list of strings and expressions separated by commas, and each string or expression is printed in the order of the list. No terminating newline is printed. Expressions are evaluated and their value is printed and assigned to the variable last 💖

Strings in the print statement are printed to the output and may contain special characters. Special characters start with the backslash character (\). The special characters recognized by bc are "a" (alert or bell), "b" (backspace), "f" (form feed), "n" (newline), "r" (carriage return), "q" (double quote), "t" (tab), and "\" (backslash). Any other character following the backslash will be ignored 🙈

• { statement_list } — the compound statement, bestie! It lets you group multiple statements together for execution 👑
• if ( expression ) statement1 [else statement2] — the if statement evaluates the expression and executes statement1 or statement2 depending on the value of the expression. If the expression is non-zero, statement1 is executed. If statement2 is present and the value of the expression is 0, then statement2 is executed. (The else clause is an extension ✨)
• while ( expression ) statement — the while statement executes the statement while the expression is non-zero. It evaluates the expression before each execution of the statement. The loop gets terminated by a zero expression value or by the execution of a break statement 🌀
• for ( [expression1] ; [expression2] ; [expression3] ) statement — the for statement controls repeated execution of the statement. expression1 is evaluated before the loop. expression2 is evaluated before each execution of the statement — if it's non-zero, the statement is evaluated; if it's zero, the loop is terminated. After each execution of the statement, expression3 is evaluated before the reevaluation of expression2 🔁

If expression1 or expression3 are missing, nothing is evaluated at the point where they would be evaluated. If expression2 is missing, it's the same as substituting the value 1 for expression2. (The optional expressions are an extension — POSIX bc requires all three expressions 👀)

The following is equivalent code for the for statement:

expression1;
while (expression2) {
   statement;
   expression3;
}

• break — this statement causes a forced exit of the most recent enclosing while statement or for statement 💀
• continue — the continue statement (an extension) causes the most recent enclosing for statement to start the next iteration 🎀
• halt — the halt statement (an extension) is an executed statement that causes the bc processor to quit only when it is executed. For example, "if (0 == 1) halt" will not cause bc to terminate, because the halt is not executed 😌
• return — return the value 0 from a function. (See the section on functions.)
• return ( expression ) — return the value of the expression from a function. (See the section on functions.) As an extension, the parenthesis are not required 🫶

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🧚 PSEUDO STATEMENTS 🧚

These are not statements in the traditional sense, bestie — they are not executed statements. Their function is performed at "compile" time ⏰

• limits — print the local limits enforced by the local version of bc. This is an extension ✨
• quit — when the quit statement is read, the bc processor is terminated, regardless of where the quit statement is found 💀. For example, "if (0 == 1) quit" will cause bc to terminate. Yeah. Even inside a never-true if. That's the whole point of it being a pseudo statement.
• warranty — print a longer warranty notice. This is an extension 🎀

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👑 FUNCTIONS 👑

Functions give you a way to define a computation that can be executed later. Functions in bc always compute a value and return it to the caller 💖 Function definitions are "dynamic" in the sense that a function is undefined until a definition is encountered in the input. That definition is then used until another definition function for the same name is encountered — the new definition then replaces the older definition ✨

A function is defined like this:

define name ( parameters ) { newline
    auto_list   statement_list }

A function call is just an expression of the form "name(parameters)".

Parameters are numbers or arrays (an extension). In the function definition, zero or more parameters are defined by listing their names separated by commas. All parameters are call by value parameters 🫶 Arrays are specified in the parameter definition by the notation "name[]". In the function call, actual parameters are full expressions for number parameters. The same notation is used for passing arrays as for defining array parameters — the named array is passed by value to the function 💅

Since function definitions are dynamic, parameter numbers and types are checked when a function is called, not when it's defined. Any mismatch in number or types of parameters will cause a runtime error 😭 A runtime error will also occur for the call to an undefined function. Vibe check: failed.

okay so the auto_list is this optional little list of variables that are for "local" use — yes bestie, local in quotes, it's giving "not quite your usual local variable" 💅. The syntax of the auto list (if present) is auto name, ... ; and the semicolon is optional. Each name is the name of an auto variable. Arrays may be specified by using the same notation as used in parameters. These variables have their values pushed onto a stack at the start of the function. The variables are then initialized to zero and used throughout the execution of the function. At function exit, these variables are popped so that the original value (at the time of the function call) of these variables are restored. The parameters are really auto variables that are initialized to a value provided in the function call. Auto variables are different than traditional local variables because if function A calls function B, B may access function A's auto variables by just using the same name, unless function B has called them auto variables. Due to the fact that auto variables and parameters are pushed onto a stack, bc supports recursive functions. slay for recursion 💖

The function body is a list of bc statements. Again, statements are separated by semicolons or newlines. Return statements cause the termination of a function and the return of a value. There are two versions of the return statement. The first form, return, returns the value 0 to the calling expression. The second form, return ( expression ), computes the value of the expression and returns that value to the calling expression. There is an implied return (0) at the end of every function. This allows a function to terminate and return 0 without an explicit return statement. no cap, that little implied return is doing quiet main character work ✨

Functions also change the usage of the variable ibase. All constants in the function body will be converted using the value of ibase at the time of the function call. Changes of ibase will be ignored during the execution of the function except for the standard function read, which will always use the current value of ibase for conversion of numbers. lowkey important, highkey easy to forget 🫶

Several extensions have been added to functions. First, the format of the definition has been slightly relaxed. The standard requires the opening brace be on the same line as the define keyword and all other parts must be on following lines. This version of bc will allow any number of newlines before and after the opening brace of the function. For example, the following definitions are valid.

define d (n) { return (2*n); }
define d (n)
  { return (2*n); }

Functions may be defined as void. A void function returns no value and thus may not be used in any place that needs a value. A void function does not produce any output when called by itself on an input line. The key word void is placed between the key word define and the function name. For example, consider the following session.

define py (y) { print "--->", y, "<---", "\n"; }
define void px (x) { print "--->", x, "<---", "\n"; }
py(1)
--->1<---
0
px(1)
--->1<---

Since py is not a void function, the call of py(1) prints the desired output and then prints a second line that is the value of the function. Since the value of a function that is not given an explicit return statement is zero, the zero is printed. For px(1), no zero is printed because the function is a void function. iconic behavior tbh 👑

Also, call by variable for arrays was added. To declare a call by variable array, the declaration of the array parameter in the function definition looks like *name[]. The call to the function remains the same as call by value arrays.

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🧮 MATH LIBRARY 🧮

If bc is invoked with the -l option, a math library is preloaded and the default scale is set to 20. The math functions will calculate their results to the scale set at the time of their call. The math library defines the following functions:

• s (x) — the sine of x, and x is in radians.
• c (x) — the cosine of x, and x is in radians.
• a (x) — the arctangent of x, and arctangent returns radians.
• l (x) — the natural logarithm of x.
• e (x) — the exponential function of raising e to the value x.
• j (n,x) — the Bessel function of integer order n of x.

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🍓 EXAMPLES 🍓

In /bin/sh, the following will assign the value of "pi" to the shell variable pi.

pi=$(echo "scale=10; 4*a(1)" | bc -l)

The following is the definition of the exponential function used in the math library. This function is written in POSIX bc.

scale = 20

/* Uses the fact that e^x = (e^(x/2))^2
   When x is small enough, we use the series:
     e^x = 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ...
*/

define e(x) {
  auto  a, d, e, f, i, m, v, z

  /* Check the sign of x. */
  if (x<0) {
    m = 1
    x = -x
  }

  /* Precondition x. */
  z = scale;
  scale = 4 + z + .44*x;
  while (x > 1) {
    f += 1;
    x /= 2;
  }

  /* Initialize the variables. */
  v = 1+x
  a = x
  d = 1

  for (i=2; 1; i++) {
    e = (a *= x) / (d *= i)
    if (e == 0) {
      if (f>0) while (f--)  v = v*v;
      scale = z
      if (m) return (1/v);
      return (v/1);
    }
    v += e
  }
}

The following is code that uses the extended features of bc to implement a simple program for calculating checkbook balances. This program is best kept in a file so that it can be used many times without having to retype it at every use.

scale=2
print "\nCheck book program!\n"
print "  Remember, deposits are negative transactions.\n"
print "  Exit by a 0 transaction.\n\n"

print "Initial balance? "; bal = read()
bal /= 1
print "\n"
while (1) {
  "current balance = "; bal
  "transaction? "; trans = read()
  if (trans == 0) break;
  bal -= trans
  bal /= 1
}
quit

The following is the definition of the recursive factorial function.

define f (x) {
  if (x <= 1) return (1);
  return (f(x-1) * x);
}

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🎀 READLINE AND LIBEDIT OPTIONS 🎀

GNU bc can be compiled (via a configure option) to use the GNU readline input editor library or the BSD libedit library. This allows the user to do editing of lines before sending them to bc. It also allows for a history of previous lines typed. When this option is selected, bc has one more special variable. This special variable, history is the number of lines of history retained. For readline, a value of -1 means that an unlimited number of history lines are retained. Setting the value of history to a positive number restricts the number of history lines to the number given. The value of 0 disables the history feature. The default value is 100. For more information, read the user manuals for the GNU readline, history and BSD libedit libraries. One can not enable both readline and libedit at the same time.

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💀 DIFFERENCES 💀

This version of bc was implemented from the POSIX P1003.2/D11 draft and contains several differences and extensions relative to the draft and traditional implementations. It is not implemented in the traditional way using dc(1). This version is a single process which parses and runs a byte code translation of the program. There is an "undocumented" option (-c) that causes the program to output the byte code to the standard output instead of running it. It was mainly used for debugging the parser and preparing the math library.

A major source of differences is extensions, where a feature is extended to add more functionality and additions, where new features are added. The following is the list of differences and extensions.

• LANG environment — This version does not conform to the POSIX standard in the processing of the LANG environment variable and all environment variables starting with LC_.
• names — Traditional and POSIX bc have single letter names for functions, variables and arrays. They have been extended to be multi-character names that start with a letter and may contain letters, numbers and the underscore character.
• Strings — Strings are not allowed to contain NUL characters. POSIX says all characters must be included in strings.
• last — POSIX bc does not have a last variable. Some implementations of bc use the period (.) in a similar way.
• comparisons — POSIX bc allows comparisons only in the if statement, the while statement, and the second expression of the for statement. Also, only one relational operation is allowed in each of those statements.
• if statement, else clause — POSIX bc does not have an else clause.
• for statement — POSIX bc requires all expressions to be present in the for statement.
• &&, ||, ! — POSIX bc does not have the logical operators.
• read function — POSIX bc does not have a read function.
• print statement — POSIX bc does not have a print statement.
• continue statement — POSIX bc does not have a continue statement.
• return statement — POSIX bc requires parentheses around the return expression.
• array parameters — POSIX bc does not (currently) support array parameters in full. The POSIX grammar allows for arrays in function definitions, but does not provide a method to specify an array as an actual parameter. (This is most likely an oversight in the grammar.) Traditional implementations of bc have only call by value array parameters.
• function format — POSIX bc requires the opening brace on the same line as the define key word and the auto statement on the next line.
• =+, =-, =*, =/, =%, =^ — POSIX bc does not require these "old style" assignment operators to be defined. This version may allow these "old style" assignments. Use the limits statement to see if the installed version supports them. If it does support the "old style" assignment operators, the statement a =- 1 will decrement a by 1 instead of setting a to the value -1.
• spaces in numbers — Other implementations of bc allow spaces in numbers. For example, x=1 3 would assign the value 13 to the variable x. The same statement would cause a syntax error in this version of bc.

errors and execution 🛠️

Okay bestie, this is where bc is a lil different from other implementations in terms of what code actually gets executed when syntax and other errors are found in the program. Vibe check: error behavior is implementation-specific. If a syntax error is found in a function definition, error recovery tries to find the beginning of a statement and continue to parse the function. Once a syntax error is found in the function, the function will not be callable and becomes undefined. Syntax errors in the interactive execution code will invalidate the current execution block. The execution block is terminated by an end of line that appears after a complete sequence of statements. For example:

a = 1
b = 2

has two execution blocks and

{ a = 1
  b = 2 }

has one execution block. Any runtime error will terminate the execution of the current execution block. A runtime warning will not terminate the current execution block. Important distinction, bestie 💛

Interrupts ⚡

During an interactive session, the SIGINT signal (usually generated by the control-C character from the terminal) will cause execution of the current execution block to be interrupted. It will display a "runtime" error indicating which function was interrupted. After all runtime structures have been cleaned up, a message will be printed to notify the user that bc is ready for more input. All previously defined functions remain defined and the value of all non-auto variables are the value at the point of interruption. All auto variables and function parameters are removed during the clean up process. During a non-interactive session, the SIGINT signal will terminate the entire run of bc. That’s a whole-run shutdown, no cap.

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LIMITS 👑

The following are the limits currently in place for this bc processor. Some of them may have been changed by an installation. Use the limits statement to see the actual values. Always check the receipts ✨

• BC_BASE_MAX — The maximum output base is at least 10^9. The maximum input base is 16.
• BC_DIM_MAX — This is currently an arbitrary limit of 65535 as distributed. Your installation may be different.
• BC_SCALE_MAX — The number of digits after the decimal point is limited to INT_MAX digits. Also, the number of digits before the decimal point is limited to INT_MAX digits.
• BC_STRING_MAX — The limit on the number of characters in a string is INT_MAX characters.
• exponent — The value of the exponent in the raise operation (^) is limited to LONG_MAX.
• variable names — The current limit on the number of unique names is 32767 for each of simple variables, arrays and functions.

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ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES 🌱

The following environment variables are processed by bc:

• POSIXLY_CORRECT — This is the same as the -s option.
• BC_ENV_ARGS — This is another mechanism to get arguments to bc. The format is the same as the command line arguments. These arguments are processed first, so any files listed in the environment arguments are processed before any command line argument files. This allows the user to set up "standard" options and files to be processed at every invocation of bc. The files in the environment variables would typically contain function definitions for functions the user wants defined every time bc is run. Set it once, slay every time 💜
• BC_LINE_LENGTH — This should be an integer specifying the number of characters in an output line for numbers. This includes the backslash and newline characters for long numbers. As an extension, the value of zero disables the multi-line feature. Any other value of this variable that is less than 3 sets the line length to 70.

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DIAGNOSTICS 🩺

If any file on the command line can not be opened, bc will report that the file is unavailable and terminate. Also, there are compile and run time diagnostics that should be self-explanatory. You got this, bestie 🫶

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BUGS 💀

Error recovery is not very good yet. Real talk.

Email bug reports to bug-bc@gnu.org. Be sure to include the word bc somewhere in the Subject: field. Subject line matters, iykyk 💅

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AUTHOR 🖋️

Philip A. Nelson philnelson@acm.org

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 🫶

The author would like to thank Steve Sommars (Steve.Sommars@att.com) for his extensive help in testing the implementation. Many great suggestions were given. This is a much better product due to his involvement. Iconic collaboration energy 🌈

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And that’s the whole bc(1) page, bestie — sourced from the GNU Project, dated 2025-01-10. byeeee 💖✨🎀