EXT4(5)

📦

version 1.47.4 · 7 versions

1.47.4 · alpine 3.24, arch rolling, nixpkgs unstable, ubuntu stonking (latest)
1.46.5 · centos-stream 9
1.47.1 · centos-stream 10
1.46.5 · ubuntu jammy
1.47.3 · alpine 3.23, fedora 43, fedora 44
1.47.0 · debian bookworm, opensuse-leap 16.0, ubuntu noble
1.47.2 · alpine 3.22, debian trixie, ubuntu questing, ubuntu resolute

, in alpine 3.24, arch rolling, nixpkgs unstable, ubuntu stonking

💖 EXT4 💖

(that's the manual page, bestie — EXT4(5) from the File Formats Manual)

✨ NAME ✨

ext2 — the second extended file system
ext3 — the third extended file system
ext4 — the fourth extended file system

🦋 DESCRIPTION 🦋

okay so. the second, third, and fourth extended file systems — aka ext2, ext3, and ext4, the names everyone actually uses — are Linux file systems that have historically been the default file system for soooo many Linux distributions. like, main character energy for decades. 💅

they're general purpose file systems, designed for extensibility and backwards compatibility. and here's the slay part: file systems that were originally made for ext2 and ext3 can be mounted using the ext4 file system driver. literally. and in many modern Linux distributions, the ext4 file system driver has been configured to handle mount requests for ext2 and ext3 file systems too. it's giving glow up that respects its roots. 🫶

🌸 FILE SYSTEM FEATURES 🌸

a file system formatted for ext2, ext3, or ext4 can have some collection of the following file system feature flags enabled. heads up though: some of these features are not supported by all implementations of the ext2, ext3, and ext4 file system drivers — it depends on the Linux kernel version in use. and on other operating systems, like the GNU/HURD or FreeBSD, only a very restrictive set of file system features may be supported in their implementations of ext2. so like, vibe check your kernel first, bestie. 🙈

64bit — lets the file system be larger than 2^32 blocks. this feature gets set automatically as needed, but it can be useful to specify it explicitly if the file system might need to be resized larger than 2^32 blocks — even if it was smaller than that threshold when it was originally created. note that some older kernels and older versions of e2fsprogs will not support file systems with this ext4 feature enabled. 💀
bigalloc — this ext4 feature enables clustered block allocation, so that the unit of allocation is a power of two number of blocks. that is, each bit in what had traditionally been known as the block allocation bitmap now indicates whether a cluster is in use or not, where a cluster is by default composed of 16 blocks. this feature can decrease the time spent on doing block allocation and brings smaller fragmentation, especially for large files. the size can be specified using the mke2fs -C option.

WARNING: the bigalloc feature is still under development, and may not be fully supported with your kernel or may have various bugs. please see the web page http://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Bigalloc for details. may clash with delayed allocation (see the nodelalloc mount option).

this feature requires that the extent feature be enabled.

casefold — this ext4 feature provides file system level character encoding support for directories with the casefold (+F) flag enabled. this feature is name-preserving on the disk, but it allows applications to lookup for a file in the file system using an encoding equivalent version of the file name. 👑
dir_index — use hashed b-trees to speed up name lookups in large directories. this feature is supported by ext3 and ext4 file systems, and is ignored by ext2 file systems.
dir_nlink — normally, ext4 allows an inode to have no more than 65,000 hard links. this applies to regular files as well as directories, which means that there can be no more than 64,998 subdirectories in a directory (because each of the '.' and '..' entries, as well as the directory entry for the directory in its parent directory, counts as a hard link). this feature lifts this limit by causing ext4 to use a link count of 1 to indicate that the number of hard links to a directory is not known when the link count might exceed the maximum count limit. unlimited-ish links, we love to see it.
ea_inode — normally, a file's extended attributes and associated metadata must fit within the inode or the inode's associated extended attribute block. this feature allows the value of each extended attribute to be placed in the data blocks of a separate inode if necessary, increasing the limit on the size and number of extended attributes per file. 🎀
encrypt — enables support for file-system level encryption of data blocks and file names. the inode metadata (timestamps, file size, user/group ownership, etc.) is not encrypted.

this feature is most useful on file systems with multiple users, or where not all files should be encrypted. in many use cases, especially on single-user systems, encryption at the block device layer using dm-crypt may provide much better security. 🔐

ext_attr — this feature enables the use of extended attributes. supported by ext2, ext3, and ext4.
extent — this ext4 feature allows the mapping of logical block numbers for a particular inode to physical blocks on the storage device to be stored using an extent tree, which is a more efficient data structure than the traditional indirect block scheme used by the ext2 and ext3 file systems. the use of the extent tree decreases metadata block overhead, improves file system performance, and decreases the needed to run e2fsck(8) on the file system. (note: both extent and extents are accepted as valid names for this feature for historical/backwards compatibility reasons.) ✨
extra_isize — this ext4 feature reserves a specific amount of space in each inode for extended metadata such as nanosecond timestamps and file creation time, even if the current kernel does not currently need to reserve this much space. without this feature, the kernel will reserve the amount of space for features it currently needs, and the rest may be consumed by extended attributes.

for this feature to be useful the inode size must be 256 bytes in size or larger.

filetype — this feature enables the storage of file type information in directory entries. supported by ext2, ext3, and ext4.
flex_bg — this ext4 feature allows the per-block group metadata (allocation bitmaps and inode tables) to be placed anywhere on the storage media. in addition, mke2fs(8) will place the per-block group metadata together starting at the first block group of each "flex_bg group". the size of the flex_bg group can be specified using the -G option. 💖
has_journal — create a journal to ensure file system consistency even across unclean shutdowns. setting the file system feature is equivalent to using the -j option with mke2fs(8) or tune2fs(8). this feature is supported by ext3 and ext4, and ignored by the ext2 file system driver. 📓
huge_file — this ext4 feature allows files to be larger than 2 terabytes in size. 🌈
inline_data — allow data to be stored in the inode and extended attribute area.
journal_dev — this feature is enabled on the superblock found on an external journal device. the block size for the external journal must be the same as the file system which uses it.

the external journal device can be used by a file system by specifying the -J device=<external-device> option to mke2fs(8) or tune2fs(8).

large_dir — this feature increases the limit on the number of files per directory by raising the maximum size of directories and, for hashed b-tree directories (see dir_index), the maximum height of the hashed b-tree used to store the directory entries.
large_file — this feature flag is set automatically by modern kernels when a file larger than 2 gigabytes is created. very old kernels could not handle large files, so this feature flag was used to prohibit those kernels from mounting file systems that they could not understand.
metadata_csum — this ext4 feature enables metadata checksumming. this feature stores checksums for all of the file system metadata (superblock, group descriptor blocks, inode and block bitmaps, directories, and extent tree blocks). the checksum algorithm used for the metadata blocks is different than the one used for group descriptors with the uninit_bg feature. these two features are incompatible and metadata_csum will be used preferentially instead of uninit_bg.
metadata_csum_seed — this feature allows the file system to store the metadata checksum seed in the superblock, which allows the administrator to change the UUID of a file system using the metadata_csum feature while it is mounted. changing UUIDs live?? iconic. 💅
meta_bg — this ext4 feature allows file systems to be resized on-line without explicitly needing to reserve space for growth in the size of the block group descriptors. this scheme is also used to resize file systems which are larger than 2^32 blocks. it is not recommended that this feature be set when a file system is created, since this alternate method of storing the block group descriptors will slow down the time needed to mount the file system, and newer kernels can automatically set this feature as necessary when doing an online resize and no more reserved space is available in the resize inode. ⚠️
mmp — this ext4 feature provides multiple mount protection (MMP). MMP helps to protect the file system from being multiply mounted and is useful in shared storage environments. 🛡️
orphan_file — this ext4 feature fixes a potential scalability bottleneck for workloads that are doing a large number of truncate or file extensions in parallel. it is supported by Linux kernels starting version 5.15, and by e2fsprogs starting with version 1.47.0.
project — this ext4 feature provides project quota support. with this feature, the project ID of inode will be managed when the file system is mounted.
quota — create quota inodes (inode #3 for userquota and inode #4 for group quota) and set them in the superblock. with this feature, the quotas will be enabled automatically when the file system is mounted.

causes the quota files (i.e., user.quota and group.quota which existed in the older quota design) to be hidden inodes. 🫣

`resize_inode` ✨

okay so bestie, this feature means space has been reserved so that the block group descriptor table can be extended while resizing a mounted file system. The online resize operation is carried out by the kernel, triggered by resize2fs(8). By default mke2fs(8) will attempt to reserve enough space so that the file system may grow to 1024 times its initial size. This can be changed using the resize extended option.

This feature requires that the sparse_super or sparse_super2 feature be enabled. periodt 💅

`sparse_super` 💖

This file system feature is set on all modern ext2, ext3, and ext4 file systems. It indicates that backup copies of the superblock and block group descriptors are present only in a few block groups, not all of them. lowkey iconic 🦋

`sparse_super2` 🌸

This feature indicates that there will only be at most two backup superblocks and block group descriptors. The block groups used to store the backup superblock(s) and blockgroup descriptor(s) are stored in the superblock, but typically, one will be located at the beginning of block group #1, and one in the last block group in the file system. This feature is essentially a more extreme version of sparse_super and is designed to allow a much larger percentage of the disk to have contiguous blocks available for data files. the way that works?? obsessed 😭

`stable_inodes` 🔒

Marks the file system's inode numbers and UUID as stable. resize2fs(8) will not allow shrinking a file system with this feature, nor will tune2fs(8) allow changing its UUID. This feature allows the use of specialized encryption settings that make use of the inode numbers and UUID. Note that the encrypt feature still needs to be enabled separately. stable_inodes is a "compat" feature, so old kernels will allow it. no cap 🫶

`uninit_bg` 🧚

This ext4 file system feature indicates that the block group descriptors will be protected using checksums, making it safe for mke2fs(8) to create a file system without initializing all of the block groups. The kernel will keep a high watermark of unused inodes, and initialize inode tables and blocks lazily. This feature speeds up the time to check the file system using e2fsck(8) and it also speeds up the time required for mke2fs(8) to create the file system. slay ⭐

`verity` 🌈

Enables support for verity protected files. Verity files are readonly, and their data is transparently verified against a Merkle tree hidden past the end of the file. Using the Merkle tree's root hash, a verity file can be efficiently authenticated, independent of the file's size.

This feature is most useful for authenticating important read-only files on read-write file systems. If the file system itself is read-only, then using dm-verity to authenticate the entire block device may provide much better security. security bestie behavior 👑

MOUNT OPTIONS 🎀

This section describes mount options which are specific to ext2, ext3, and ext4. Other generic mount options may be used as well; see mount(8) for details. iykyk 💖

Mount options for ext2 🍓

The ext2 file system is the standard Linux file system. Since Linux 2.5.46, for most mount options the default is determined by the file system superblock. Set them with tune2fs(8). fr fr

acl | noacl — Support POSIX Access Control Lists (or not). See the acl(5) manual page.
bsddf | minixdf — Set the behavior for the statfs system call. The minixdf behavior is to return in the f_blocks field the total number of blocks of the file system, while the bsddf behavior (which is the default) is to subtract the overhead blocks used by the ext2 file system and not available for file storage. Thus

% mount /k -o minixdf; df /k; umount /k
File System  1024-blocks   Used  Available  Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/sda6      2630655    86954   2412169      3%     /k

% mount /k -o bsddf; df /k; umount /k
File System  1024-blocks  Used  Available  Capacity  Mounted on
/dev/sda6      2543714      13   2412169      0%     /k

(Note that this example shows that one can add command line options to the options given in /etc/fstab.)

check=none | nocheck — No checking is done at mount time. This is the default. This is fast. It is wise to invoke e2fsck(8) every now and then, e.g. at boot time. The non-default behavior is unsupported (check=normal and check=strict options have been removed). Note that these mount options don't have to be supported if ext4 kernel driver is used for ext2 and ext3 file systems. the drama 💀
debug — Print debugging info upon each (re)mount.
errors={continue|remount-ro|panic} — Define the behavior when an error is encountered. (Either ignore errors and just mark the file system erroneous and continue, or remount the file system read-only, or panic and halt the system.) The default is set in the file system superblock, and can be changed using tune2fs(8). panic is giving main character meltdown 😭
grpid | bsdgroups and nogrpid | sysvgroups — These options define what group id a newly created file gets. When grpid is set, it takes the group id of the directory in which it is created; otherwise (the default) it takes the fsgid of the current process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is a directory itself.
grpquota | usrquota | quota | noquota — The usrquota (same as quota) mount option enables user quota support on the file system. grpquota enables group quotas support. You need the quota(1) utilities to actually enable and manage the quota system. budgeting era 💸
nouid32 — Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs. This is for interoperability with older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values. throwback compatibility 🦋
oldalloc | orlov — Use old allocator or Orlov allocator for new inodes. Orlov is default.
resgid=n and resuid=n — The ext2 file system reserves a certain percentage of the available space (by default 5%, see mke2fs(8) and tune2fs(8). These options determine who can use the reserved blocks. (Roughly: whoever has the specified uid, or belongs to the specified group.) reserved for the VIPs 👑
sb=n — Instead of using the normal superblock, use an alternative superblock specified by n. This option is normally used when the primary superblock has been corrupted. The location of backup superblocks is dependent on the file system's blocksize, the number of blocks per group, and features such as sparse_super.

Additional backup superblocks can be determined by using the mke2fs(8) program using the -n option to print out where the superblocks exist, supposing mke2fs(8) is supplied with arguments that are consistent with the file system's layout (e.g., blocksize, blocks per group, sparse_super, etc.).

The block number here uses 1 k units. Thus, if you want to use logical block 32768 on a file system with 4 k blocks, use "sb=131072". math girlie moment 🧮

user_xattr | nouser_xattr — Support "user." extended attributes (or not). tiny but mighty ✨

✨ Mount options for ext3 ✨

Okay so ext3 is a version of ext2 that got the journaling glow-up 💅. It supports all the same options as ext2, plus these extra little icons:

journal_dev=devnum | journal_path=path — when the external journal device's major/minor numbers have changed, these options let you specify the new journal location. The journal device is identified either through its new major/minor numbers encoded in devnum, or via a path to the device.
norecovery | noload — don't load the journal on mounting. But bestie, listen: if the file system was not unmounted cleanly, skipping the journal replay will lead to the file system containing inconsistencies that can lead to any number of problems. So maybe don't unless you're fully aware. 😭
data={journal|ordered|writeback} — specifies the journaling mode for file data. Metadata is always journaled. To use modes other than ordered on the root file system, pass the mode to the kernel as boot parameter, e.g. rootflags=data=journal.
- journal — all data is committed into the journal prior to being written into the main file system.
- ordered — this is the default mode. All data is forced directly out to the main file system prior to its metadata being committed to the journal.
- writeback — data ordering is not preserved – data may be written into the main file system after its metadata has been committed to the journal. This is rumoured to be the highest-throughput option. It guarantees internal file system integrity, however it can allow old data to appear in files after a crash and journal recovery. It's giving "fast but messy" energy.
data_err={abort|ignore} — if an error occurs in a file data buffer in ordered mode:
- When data_err=abort, abort the journal.
- When data_err=ignore, just print an error message.
barrier={0|1} — this disables / enables the use of write barriers in the jbd code. barrier=0 disables, barrier=1 enables (default). This also requires an IO stack which can support barriers, and if jbd gets an error on a barrier write, it will disable barriers again with a warning. Write barriers enforce proper on-disk ordering of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at some performance penalty. If your disks are battery-backed in one way or another, disabling barriers may safely improve performance. Battery-backed disks? Lowkey a green light to disable.
commit=nrsec — start a journal commit every nrsec seconds. The default value is 5 seconds. Zero means default.
user_xattr — enable Extended User Attributes. See the attr(5) manual page.
jqfmt={vfsold|vfsv0|vfsv1} — apart from the old quota system (as in ext2, jqfmt=vfsold aka version 1 quota) ext3 also supports journaled quotas (version 2 quota). jqfmt=vfsv0 or jqfmt=vfsv1 enables journaled quotas. Journaled quotas have the advantage that even after a crash no quota check is required. When the quota file system feature is enabled, journaled quotas are used automatically, and this mount option is ignored. Iconic, honestly.
usrjquota=aquota.user | grpjquota=aquota.group — for journaled quotas (jqfmt=vfsv0 or jqfmt=vfsv1), the mount options usrjquota=aquota.user and grpjquota=aquota.group are required to tell the quota system which quota database files to use. When the quota file system feature is enabled, journaled quotas are used automatically, and this mount option is ignored.

🌈 Mount options for ext4 🌈

Okay bestie, so ext4 is literally the glow-up era of ext3 — it's an advanced level of the ext3 file system, and it brought scalability and reliability enhancements so it can hold down large file systems. Main character energy, fr. 👑

Now, the following options are backwardly compatible with ext3 or ext2, so if you're migrating you can keep your whole routine: journal_dev, journal_path, norecovery, noload, data, commit, orlov, oldalloc, [no]user_xattr, [no]acl, bsddf, minixdf, debug, errors, data_err, grpid, bsdgroups, nogrpid, sysvgroups, resgid, resuid, sb, quota, noquota, nouid32, grpquota, usrquota, usrjquota, grpjquota, and jqfmt. Slay, your old faves still ate. 💅

journal_checksum | nojournal_checksum — turns on checksumming of the journal transactions. This lets the recovery code in e2fsck(8) and the kernel sniff out corruption in the kernel. It's a compatible change, so older kernels will just ignore it, no drama. ✨
journal_async_commit — the commit block can be written to disk without waiting for descriptor blocks. Heads up though: if you enable this, older kernels literally cannot mount the device. 😭 It also enables journal_checksum internally, so that's bundled in.
barrier={0|1} | barrier | nobarrier — these do the exact same thing as in ext3. The mount options barrier and nobarrier were added just for consistency with the other ext4 mount options, so it looks cohesive, you know?

The ext4 file system enables write barriers by default. 🛡️

inode_readahead_blks=n — a tuning parameter that controls the max number of inode table blocks that ext4's inode table readahead algorithm will pre-read into the buffer cache. The value must be a power of 2. The default value is 32 blocks.
stripe=n — the number of file system blocks that mballoc will try to use for allocation size and alignment. For RAID5/6 systems this should be the number of data disks * RAID chunk size in file system blocks.
delalloc — deferring block allocation until write-out time. Procrastination, but make it ✨architecture✨.
nodelalloc — disable delayed allocation. Blocks get allocated when data is copied from user to page cache instead.
max_batch_time=max_usec — the maximum amount of time ext4 should wait for additional file system operations to be batched together with a synchronous write operation. Since a synchronous write operation is going to force a commit and then wait for the I/O to complete anyway, it doesn't cost much, and it can be a huge throughput win, so we wait a small amount of time to see if any other transactions can piggyback on the synchronous write. Group chat strategy, honestly.

The algorithm used is designed to automatically tune for the speed of the disk, by measuring the amount of time (on average) that it takes to finish committing a transaction. Call this time the "commit time". If the time that the transaction has been running is less than the commit time, ext4 will try sleeping for the commit time to see if other operations will join the transaction. The commit time is capped at max_usec, which defaults to 15000 µs (15 ms). This optimization can be turned off entirely by setting max_batch_time=0.

min_batch_time=min_usec — sets the commit time (as described above) to be at least min_usec. It defaults to zero microseconds. Increasing this parameter may improve the throughput of multi-threaded, synchronous workloads on very fast disks, at the cost of increasing latency. Trade-offs, bestie, it's giving balance. ⚖️
journal_ioprio=prio — the I/O priority (from 0 to 7, where 0 is the highest priority) which should be used for I/O operations submitted by kjournald2 during a commit operation. This defaults to 3, which is a slightly higher priority than the default I/O priority.
abort — simulate the effects of calling ext4_abort() for debugging purposes. This is normally used while remounting a file system which is already mounted. Chaos for science, basically. 💀
auto_da_alloc | noauto_da_alloc — so many broken applications don't use fsync() when replacing existing files via patterns such as

fd = open("foo.new")/write(fd,...)/close(fd)/ rename("foo.new", "foo")

or worse yet

fd = open("foo", O_TRUNC)/write(fd,...)/close(fd).

If auto_da_alloc is enabled, ext4 will detect the replace-via-rename and replace-via-truncate patterns and force that any delayed allocation blocks are allocated such that at the next journal commit, in the default data=ordered mode, the data blocks of the new file are forced to disk before the rename() operation is committed. This provides roughly the same level of guarantees as ext3, and avoids the "zero-length" problem that can happen when a system crashes before the delayed allocation blocks are forced to disk. She's cleaning up after the messy apps, iconic. 🫶

noinit_itable — do not initialize any uninitialized inode table blocks in the background. This feature may be used by installation CD's so that the install process can complete as quickly as possible; the inode table initialization process would then be deferred until the next time the file system is mounted.
init_itable=n — the lazy itable init code will wait n times the number of milliseconds it took to zero out the previous block group's inode table. This minimizes the impact on system performance while the file system's inode table is being initialized.
discard | nodiscard — controls whether ext4 should issue discard/TRIM commands to the underlying block device when blocks are freed. This is useful for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs, but it is off by default until sufficient testing has been done.
block_validity | noblock_validity — enables/disables the in-kernel facility for tracking file system metadata blocks within internal data structures. This allows the multi-block allocator and other routines to quickly locate extents which might overlap with file system metadata blocks. This option is intended for debugging purposes and since it negatively affects the performance, it is off by default. 🐛
dioread_lock | dioread_nolock — controls whether or not ext4 should use the DIO read locking. If the dioread_nolock option is specified, ext4 will allocate an uninitialized extent before buffer write and convert the extent to initialized after IO completes. This approach allows ext4 code to avoid using the inode mutex, which improves scalability on high speed storages. However this does not work with data journaling, and the dioread_nolock option will be ignored with a kernel warning. Note that the dioread_nolock code path is only used for extent-based files. Because of the restrictions this option comprises, it is off by default (e.g. dioread_lock).
max_dir_size_kb=n — this limits the size of the directories so that any attempt to expand them beyond the specified limit in kilobytes will cause an ENOSPC error. This is useful in memory-constrained environments, where a very large directory can cause severe performance problems or even provoke the Out Of Memory killer. (For example, if there is only 512 MiB memory available, a 176 MiB directory may seriously cramp the system's style.) 😭
i_version — enable 64-bit inode version support. This option is off by default.
nombcache — disables use of mbcache for extended attribute deduplication. On systems where extended attributes are rarely or never shared between files, use of mbcache for deduplication adds unnecessary computational overhead. Not everything needs to be a group project, ngl.
prjquota — enables project quota support on the file system. You need the quota(1) utilities to actually enable and manage the quota system. This mount option requires the project file system feature.

🎀 FILE ATTRIBUTES 🎀

The ext2, ext3, and ext4 file systems support setting the following file attributes on Linux systems using the chattr(1) utility:

a — append only
A — no atime updates
d — no dump
D — synchronous directory updates
i — immutable
S — synchronous updates
u — undeletable

In addition, the ext3 and ext4 file systems support the following flag:

j — data journaling

Finally, the ext4 file system also supports the following flag:

e — extents format

For descriptions of these attribute flags, please refer to the chattr(1) man page. She has the lore, go read her. 📖

🌸 KERNEL SUPPORT 🌸

This section lists the file system driver (e.g., ext2, ext3, ext4) and upstream kernel version where a particular file system feature was supported.

Note that in some cases the feature was present in earlier kernel versions, but there were known, serious bugs. In other cases the feature may still be considered in an experimental state. Finally, note that some distributions may have backported features into older kernels; in particular the kernel versions in certain "enterprise distributions" can be extremely misleading. 👀

filetype             ext2        2.2.0
sparse_super         ext2        2.2.0
large_file           ext2        2.2.0
has_journal          ext3        2.4.15
ext_attr             ext2/ext3   2.6.0
dir_index            ext3        2.6.0
resize_inode         ext3        2.6.10 (online resizing)
64bit                ext4        2.6.28
dir_nlink            ext4        2.6.28
extent               ext4        2.6.28
extra_isize          ext4        2.6.28
flex_bg              ext4        2.6.28
huge_file            ext4        2.6.28
meta_bg              ext4        2.6.28
uninit_bg            ext4        2.6.28
mmp                  ext4        3.0
bigalloc             ext4        3.2
quota                ext4        3.6
inline_data          ext4        3.8
sparse_super2        ext4        3.16
metadata_csum        ext4        3.18
encrypt              ext4        4.1
metadata_csum_seed   ext4        4.4
project              ext4        4.5
ea_inode             ext4        4.13
large_dir            ext4        4.13
casefold             ext4        5.2
verity               ext4        5.4
stable_inodes        ext4        5.5
fast_commit          ext4        5.10
orphan_file          ext4        5.15

and that's the whole page, bestie!! 🦋✨ This one came from E2fsprogs version 1.47.4, dated March 2025, and it lives at EXT4(5). Go forth and mount responsibly, ily, mwah 💜🌸🎀

📦 where this page comes from

alpine 3.24: e2fsprogs-doc 1.47.4-r0 · GPL-2.0-or-later AND LGPL-2.0-or-later AND BSD-3-Clause AND MIT
arch rolling: e2fsprogs 1.47.4-1 · GPL AND LGPL AND MIT
nixpkgs unstable: e2fsprogs 1.47.4
ubuntu stonking: e2fsprogs 1.47.4-1 · GPL-2.0-only
💖 girlified by deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash on 2026-10-18: a language model's rewrite of the original, under its terms