SENDTO(3P)

💌 PROLOG 💌

okay so first things first bestie: this manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual ✨. but real talk — the Linux implementation of this interface may differ (so like, go consult the corresponding Linux manual page for the Linux behavior, fr), or honestly the interface may not be implemented on Linux at all. 🙈 no cap.

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🌸 NAME 🌸

sendto — send a message on a socket 💌

💅 SYNOPSIS 💅

#include <sys/socket.h>

ssize_t sendto(int socket, const void *message, size_t length,
    int flags, const struct sockaddr *dest_addr,
    socklen_t dest_len);

🫶 DESCRIPTION 🫶

okay so the sendto() function shall send a message through a connection-mode or connectionless-mode socket. two modes, one absolute icon. 💅

If the socket is a connectionless-mode socket, the message shall be sent to the address specified by dest_addr if no pre-specified peer address has been set. If a peer address has been pre-specified, either the message shall be sent to the address specified by dest_addr (overriding the pre-specified peer address), or the function shall return -1 and set errno to [EISCONN]. yes it's literally an either/or, the implementation gets to choose. main character energy on both paths. 😌

If the socket is connection-mode, dest_addr shall be ignored. ignored! not even glanced at. 💀

The sendto() function takes the following arguments:

• socket — Specifies the socket file descriptor.
• message — Points to a buffer containing the message to be sent.
• length — Specifies the size of the message in bytes.
• flags — Specifies the type of message transmission. Values of this argument are formed by logically OR'ing zero or more of the following flags:
  • MSG_EOR — Terminates a record (if supported by the protocol).
  • MSG_OOB — Sends out-of-band data on sockets that support out-of-band data. The significance and semantics of out-of-band data are protocol-specific.
  • MSG_NOSIGNAL — Requests not to send the SIGPIPE signal if an attempt to send is made on a stream-oriented socket that is no longer connected. The [EPIPE] error shall still be returned.
• dest_addr — Points to a sockaddr structure containing the destination address. The length and format of the address depend on the address family of the socket.
• dest_len — Specifies the length of the sockaddr structure pointed to by the dest_addr argument.

If the socket protocol supports broadcast and the specified address is a broadcast address for the socket protocol, sendto() shall fail if the SO_BROADCAST option is not set for the socket. 🚨 like, you gotta opt in, that's the vibe check.

The dest_addr argument specifies the address of the target.

The length argument specifies the length of the message.

Successful completion of a call to sendto() does not guarantee delivery of the message. A return value of -1 indicates only locally-detected errors. so like... it left the group chat, doesn't mean anybody read it. no read receipts, periodt. 😭

If space is not available at the sending socket to hold the message to be transmitted and the socket file descriptor does not have O_NONBLOCK set, sendto() shall block until space is available. If space is not available at the sending socket to hold the message to be transmitted and the socket file descriptor does have O_NONBLOCK set, sendto() shall fail.

The socket in use may require the process to have appropriate privileges to use the sendto() function. 👑

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🔥 RETURN VALUE 🔥

Upon successful completion, sendto() shall return the number of bytes sent. Otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno set to indicate the error.

💜 ERRORS 💜

The sendto() function shall fail if:

• EAFNOSUPPORT — Addresses in the specified address family cannot be used with this socket.
• EAGAIN or EWOULDBLOCK — The socket's file descriptor is marked O_NONBLOCK and the requested operation would block.
• EBADF — The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor.
• ECONNRESET — A connection was forcibly closed by a peer.
• EINTR — A signal interrupted sendto() before any data was transmitted.
• EMSGSIZE — The message is too large to be sent all at once, as the socket requires.
• ENOTCONN — The socket is connection-mode but is not connected.
• ENOTSOCK — The socket argument does not refer to a socket.
• EOPNOTSUPP — The socket argument is associated with a socket that does not support one or more of the values set in flags.
• EPIPE — The socket is shut down for writing, or the socket is connection-mode and is no longer connected. In the latter case, and if the socket is of type SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_SEQPACKET and the MSG_NOSIGNAL flag is not set, the SIGPIPE signal is generated to the calling thread.

If the address family of the socket is AF_UNIX, then sendto() shall fail if:

• EIO — An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
• ELOOP — A loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of the pathname in the socket address.
• ENAMETOOLONG — The length of a component of a pathname is longer than {NAME_MAX}.
• ENOENT — A component of the pathname does not name an existing file or the pathname is an empty string.
• ENOTDIR — A component of the path prefix of the pathname in the socket address names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory, or the pathname in the socket address contains at least one non-<slash> character and ends with one or more trailing <slash> characters and the last pathname component names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory.

The sendto() function may fail if:

• EACCES — Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix; or write access to the named socket is denied.
• EDESTADDRREQ — The socket is not connection-mode and does not have its peer address set, and no destination address was specified.
• EHOSTUNREACH — The destination host cannot be reached (probably because the host is down or a remote router cannot reach it).
• EINVAL — The dest_len argument is not a valid length for the address family.
• EIO — An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
• EISCONN — A destination address was specified and the socket is already connected.
• ENETDOWN — The local network interface used to reach the destination is down.
• ENETUNREACH — No route to the network is present.
• ENOBUFS — Insufficient resources were available in the system to perform the operation.
• ENOMEM — Insufficient memory was available to fulfill the request.

If the address family of the socket is AF_UNIX, then sendto() may fail if:

• ELOOP — More than {SYMLOOP_MAX} symbolic links were encountered during resolution of the pathname in the socket address.
• ENAMETOOLONG — The length of a pathname exceeds {PATH_MAX}, or pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result with a length that exceeds {PATH_MAX}.

The following sections are informative. (iykyk 👀)

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🧚 EXAMPLES 🧚

None. 💀 nothing to demo here bestie, sorry.

🌈 APPLICATION USAGE 🌈

The select() and poll() functions can be used to determine when it is possible to send more data. that's your little "am I allowed to yap yet" detector. 📡

🦋 RATIONALE 🦋

None.

⭐ FUTURE DIRECTIONS ⭐

None.

🎀 SEE ALSO 🎀

• getsockopt()
• poll()
• pselect()
• recv()
• recvfrom()
• recvmsg()
• send()
• sendmsg()
• setsockopt()
• shutdown()
• socket()

The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, <sys_socket.h>

👑 COPYRIGHT 👑

Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .

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and that's the whole page, bestie 🫶 brought to you by IEEE/The Open Group, 2017 — stay slaying those sockets, mwah 💋✨