std::ilogb,...std::ilogbl(3)

💅 std::ilogb, std::ilogbf, std::ilogbl — C++ Standard Libary, section 3

Okay bestie, welcome to the page for std::ilogb, std::ilogbf, and std::ilogbl from the C++ Standard Library. The header literally says “C++ Standard Libary,” and honestly? We respect the typo. It’s giving “exponent extraction but make it an integer,” and we’re obsessed. ✨

🌸 NAME

std::ilogb, std::ilogbf, std::ilogbl — the std::ilogb, std::ilogbf, std::ilogbl crew. 💖

✨ Synopsis

Defined in header <cmath>.

These overloads are numbered, and those little labels come back later, so keep an eye on them:

(1)
int ilogb ( float num );                                      (since C++11)
int ilogb ( double num );                                     (until C++23)
int ilogb ( long double num );
constexpr int ilogb( /* floating-point-type */ num );         (since C++23)

int ilogbf( float num );                                      (2) (since C++11)
                                                              (constexpr since C++23)

int ilogbl( long double num );                                (3) (since C++11)
                                                              (constexpr since C++23)

#define FP_ILOGB0   /* implementation-defined */              (4) (since C++11)
#define FP_ILOGBNAN /* implementation-defined */              (5) (since C++11)

Additional overloads:

Defined in header <cmath>.

template< class Integer >                                     (A) (since C++11)
int ilogb ( Integer num );
                                                              (constexpr since C++23)

So what are these actually doing?

• 1-3) Extracts the value of the unbiased exponent from the floating-point argument num, and returns it as a signed integer value. The library provides overloads of std::ilogb for all cv-unqualified floating-point types as the type of the parameter num. (since C++23)
• 4) Expands to an integer constant expression whose value is either INT_MIN or -INT_MAX.
• 5) Expands to an integer constant expression whose value is either INT_MIN or +INT_MAX.
• A) Additional overloads are provided for all integer types, which are treated as double.

Formally, the unbiased exponent is the integral part of the log base r of |num| as a signed integral value, for non-zero num, where r is std::numeric_limits<T>::radix and T is the floating-point type of num. 🧚

🧸 Parameters

• num — floating-point or integer value.

💖 Return value

If no errors occur, the unbiased exponent of num is returned as a signed int value.

• If num is zero, FP_ILOGB0 is returned.
• If num is infinite, INT_MAX is returned.
• If num is a NaN, FP_ILOGBNAN is returned.
• If the correct result is greater than INT_MAX or smaller than INT_MIN, the return value is unspecified.

🚨 Error handling

Errors are reported as specified in math_errhandling.

A domain error or range error may occur if num is zero, infinite, or NaN.

If the correct result is greater than INT_MAX or smaller than INT_MIN, a domain error or a range error may occur.

If the implementation supports IEEE floating-point arithmetic (IEC 60559):

• If the correct result is greater than INT_MAX or smaller than INT_MIN, FE_INVALID is raised.
• If num is ±0, ±∞, or NaN, FE_INVALID is raised.
• In all other cases, the result is exact (FE_INEXACT is never raised) and the current rounding mode is ignored.

This is the part where the math gets picky, bestie: some inputs are not just “weird,” they’re explicitly outside the safe zone. Pay attention to those FE_INVALID situations. 🚩

📝 Notes

If num is not zero, infinite, or NaN, the value returned is exactly equivalent to static_cast<int>(std::logb(num)).

POSIX requires that a domain error occurs if num is zero, infinite, NaN, or if the correct result is outside of the range of int.

POSIX also requires that, on XSI-conformant systems, the value returned when the correct result is greater than INT_MAX is INT_MAX and the value returned when the correct result is less than INT_MIN is INT_MIN.

The correct result can be represented as int on all known implementations. For overflow to occur, INT_MAX must be less than LDBL_MAX_EXP * std::log2(FLT_RADIX) or INT_MIN must be greater than LDBL_MIN_EXP - LDBL_MANT_DIG) * std::log2(FLT_RADIX).

The value of the exponent returned by std::ilogb is always 1 less than the exponent returned by std::frexp because of the different normalization requirements: for the exponent e returned by std::ilogb, |num*r-e | is between 1 and r (typically between 1 and 2), but for the exponent e returned by std::frexp, |num*2-e | is between 0.5 and 1.

The additional overloads are not required to be provided exactly as (A). They only need to be sufficient to ensure that for their argument num of integer type, std::ilogb(num) has the same effect as std::ilogb(static_cast<double>(num)).

🧪 Example

Compares different floating-point decomposition functions:

// Run this code

#include <cfenv>
#include <cmath>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>

// #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON

int main()
{
    double f = 123.45;
    std::cout << "Given the number " << f << " or " << std::hexfloat
              << f << std::defaultfloat << " in hex,\n";

    double f3;
    double f2 = std::modf(f, &f3);
    std::cout << "modf() makes " << f3 << " + " << f2 << '\n';

    int i;
    f2 = std::frexp(f, &i);
    std::cout << "frexp() makes " << f2 << " * 2^" << i << '\n';

    i = std::ilogb(f);
    std::cout << "logb()/ilogb() make " << f / std::scalbn(1.0, i) << " * "
              << std::numeric_limits<double>::radix
              << "^" << std::ilogb(f) << '\n';

    // error handling
    std::feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);

    std::cout << "ilogb(0) = " << std::ilogb(0) << '\n';
    if (std::fetestexcept(FE_INVALID))
        std::cout << "    FE_INVALID raised\n";
}

🖥️ Possible output

Given the number 123.45 or 0x1.edccccccccccdp+6 in hex,
modf() makes 123 + 0.45
frexp() makes 0.964453 * 2^7
logb()/ilogb() make 1.92891 * 2^6
ilogb(0) = -2147483648
    FE_INVALID raised

👀 See also

• frexp, frexpf, frexpl — decomposes a number into significand and base-2 exponent (function) (C++11) (C++11)
• logb, logbf, logbl — extracts exponent of the number (C++11) (function) (C++11) (C++11)
• scalbn, scalbnf, scalbnl, scalbln, scalblnf, scalblnl — multiplies a number by FLT_RADIX raised to a power (C++11) (function) (C++11) (C++11) (C++11) (C++11) (C++11)
• C documentation for ilogb

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Source/version vibe check: this page is from http://cppreference.com, dated 2024.06.10, and it’s the std::ilogb,...std::ilogbl(3) manual page. Bye bestie — go extract those exponents responsibly! 💅✨🦋