QSORT(3)

💅 QSORT(3) — Library Functions Manual ✨

🎀 NAME 🎀

qsort, qsort_b, qsort_r, heapsort, heapsort_b, mergesort, mergesort_b — sort functions, and yes bestie, this is the whole sorting squad.

📚 LIBRARY 📚

Standard C Library (libc, -lc) — it lives in libc, and you link it with -lc, periodt.

✨ SYNOPSIS ✨

#include <stdlib.h>

void
qsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

void
qsort_b(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (^compar)(const void *, const void *));

void
qsort_r(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *), void *thunk);

int
heapsort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

int
heapsort_b(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (^compar)(const void *, const void *));

int
mergesort(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *));

int
mergesort_b(void *base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
    int (^compar)(const void *, const void *));

#define __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ 1

errno_t
qsort_s(void *base, rsize_t nmemb, rsize_t size,
    int (*compar)(const void *, const void *, void *), void *thunk);

Copy these exactly, bestie — no autocorrect, no vibe-based renaming 💅.

🌸 DESCRIPTION 🌸

Okay so qsort() is a modified partition-exchange sort, aka quicksort. heapsort() is a modified selection sort. And mergesort() is a modified merge sort with exponential search, intended for sorting data with pre-existing order. Slay.

The qsort() and heapsort() functions sort an array of nmemb objects, and the initial member of that array is pointed to by base. The size of each object is specified by size. The mergesort() function behaves similarly, but requires that size be greater than “sizeof(void *) / 2”. Noted, no cap.

The contents of the array base are sorted in ascending order according to a comparison function pointed to by compar, which requires two arguments pointing to the objects being compared.

The comparison function must return an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the second. That's the whole vibe check right there.

The qsort_r() function behaves identically to qsort(), except that it takes an additional argument, thunk, which is passed unchanged as the last argument to the function pointed to by compar. This allows the comparison function to access additional data without using global variables, and thus qsort_r() is suitable for use in functions which must be reentrant. Main character energy fr fr.

The qsort_b() function behaves identically to qsort(), except that it takes a block, rather than a function pointer.

The algorithms implemented by qsort(), qsort_r(), and heapsort() are not stable — that is, if two members compare as equal, their order in the sorted array is undefined. So don't come for me when equal twins switch places 😭. The heapsort_b() function behaves identically to heapsort(), except that it takes a block, rather than a function pointer. The mergesort() algorithm is stable. The mergesort_b() function behaves identically to mergesort(), except that it takes a block, rather than a function pointer.

The qsort() and qsort_r() functions are an implementation of C.A.R. Hoare's “quicksort” algorithm, a variant of partition-exchange sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's Algorithm Q. Quicksort takes O N lg N average time. This implementation uses median selection to avoid its O N**2 worst-case behavior. Iconic.

The heapsort() function is an implementation of J.W.J. William's “heapsort” algorithm, a variant of selection sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's Algorithm H. Heapsort takes O N lg N worst-case time. Its only advantage over qsort() is that it uses almost no additional memory; while qsort() does not allocate memory, it is implemented using recursion.

The function mergesort() requires additional memory of size nmemb * size bytes; it should be used only when space is not at a premium. The mergesort() function is optimized for data with pre-existing order; its worst case time is O N lg N; its best case is O N.

Normally, qsort() is faster than mergesort() is faster than heapsort(). Memory availability and pre-existing order in the data can make this untrue. So like… vibe check your data first, bestie.

The qsort_s() function behaves the same as qsort_r(), except that if nmemb or size are greater than RSIZE_MAX, or nmemb is not zero and compar is NULL or size is zero, then the runtime-constraint handler is called, and qsort_s() returns an error. Note that the handler is called before qsort_s() returns the error, and the handler function might not return.

🚨 Bestie, that last part is important: the handler runs before the error comes back, and the handler might not return at all. Not a drill.

💖 RETURN VALUES 💖

The qsort() and qsort_r() functions return no value. The qsort_s() function returns zero on success, non-zero on error.

The heapsort() and mergesort() functions return the value 0 if successful; otherwise the value -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set to indicate the error. So 0 is the slay, -1 is the “check errno, bestie” moment.

🦋 EXAMPLES 🦋

A sample program that sorts an array of int values in place using qsort(), and then prints the sorted array to standard output is:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/*
 * Custom comparison function that compares 'int' values through pointers
 * passed by qsort(3).
 */
static int
int_compare(const void *p1, const void *p2)
{
        int left = *(const int *)p1;
        int right = *(const int *)p2;

        return ((left > right) - (left < right));
}

/*
 * Sort an array of 'int' values and print it to standard output.
 */
int
main(void)
{
        int int_array[] = { 4, 5, 9, 3, 0, 1, 7, 2, 8, 6 };
        size_t array_size = sizeof(int_array) / sizeof(int_array[0]);
        size_t k;

        qsort(&int_array, array_size, sizeof(int_array[0]), int_compare);
        for (k = 0; k < array_size; k++)
                printf(" %d", int_array[k]);
        puts("");
        return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

Ate. No crumbs.

💀 COMPATIBILITY 💀

The order of arguments for the comparison function used with qsort_r() is historically different from the one used by qsort_s() and the GNU libc implementation of qsort_r(). However, as of FreeBSD 14.0, the qsort_r() has been updated so that the thunk parameter appears last to match . Both the historical and the updated interfaces are now accepted via C11 generic selection and C++ polymorphism, but the updated interface is recommended for portable applications. So if you're being portable, take the updated one, bestie.

qsort_s() is part of the optional Annex K portion of ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (“ISO C11”) and may not be portable to other standards-conforming platforms. Portability tea ☕.

Previous versions of qsort() did not permit the comparison routine itself to call qsort(3). This is no longer true. Glow-up complete.

🙈 ERRORS 🙈

The heapsort() and mergesort() functions succeed unless:

• [EINVAL] — The size argument is zero, or, the size argument to mergesort() is less than “sizeof(void *) / 2”.
• [ENOMEM] — The heapsort() or mergesort() functions were unable to allocate memory.

Like, if memory said “no ❤️”, that's ENOMEM.

🔥 SEE ALSO 🔥

• sort(1), radixsort(3)
• Hoare, C.A.R., “Quicksort”, The Computer Journal, 5:1, pp. 10-15, 1962.
• Williams, J.W.J, “Heapsort”, Communications of the ACM, 7:1, pp. 347-348, 1964.
• Knuth, D.E., “Sorting and Searching”, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 3, pp. 114-123, 145-149, 1968.
• McIlroy, P.M., “Optimistic Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity”, Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, January 1992.
• Bentley, J.L. and McIlroy, M.D., “Engineering a Sort Function”, Software--Practice and Experience, Vol. 23(11), pp. 1249-1265, November 1993.

The bibliography is giving academic baddie, and honestly? Obsessed.

🌈 STANDARDS 🌈

The qsort() function conforms to ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (“ISO C90”). The qsort_r() function conforms to . The qsort_s() function conforms to ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (“ISO C11”) K.3.6.3.2.

👑 HISTORY 👑

The variants of these functions that take blocks as arguments first appeared in Mac OS X. This implementation was created by David Chisnall.

In FreeBSD 14.0, the prototype of qsort_r() was updated to match .

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kisses and sorted vibes 💖 — Debian, October 25, 2024, QSORT(3) out 🫶