JARSIGNER(1)

📦 version 27.0.1.0.3.u1, in arch rolling

💖 NAME 💖

okay bestie, meet jarsigner — the JDK Commands manual girlie whose whole job is to sign and verify Java Archive (JAR) files. 🫶✨

🌸 SYNOPSIS 🌸

jarsigner [options] jar-file alias

jarsigner -verify [options] jar-file [alias ...]

jarsigner -version
  • options — the command-line options, bestie. See Options for jarsigner. 💅
  • -verify — this one can take zero or more keystore alias names after the JAR file name. When -verify is specified, the jarsigner command checks that the certificate used to verify each signed entry in the JAR file matches one of the keystore aliases. Those aliases are defined in the keystore specified by -keystore or the default keystore. If you also specify the -strict option, and the jarsigner command detects severe warnings, the message "jar verified, with signer errors" is displayed. 😭✨
  • jar-file — the JAR file to be signed. If you also specified the -strict option, and the jarsigner command detected severe warnings, the message "jar signed, with signer errors" is displayed. 🚨
  • alias — the aliases are defined in the keystore specified by -keystore or the default keystore.
  • -version — prints the program version of jarsigner. 🎀

🦋 DESCRIPTION 🦋

The jarsigner tool has two purposes, periodt:

  • To sign Java Archive (JAR) files. 🔥
  • To verify the signatures and integrity of signed JAR files. ✅

The JAR feature enables the packaging of class files, images, sounds, and other digital data in a single file for faster and easier distribution. A tool named jar enables developers to produce JAR files. (Technically, any ZIP file can also be considered a JAR file, although when created by the jar command or processed by the jarsigner command, JAR files also contain a META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file.) 🎁

A digital signature is literally a string of bits that is computed from some data (the data being signed) and the private key of an entity (a person, company, and so on). Similar to a handwritten signature, a digital signature has many useful characteristics:

  • Its authenticity can be verified by a computation that uses the public key corresponding to the private key used to generate the signature. 🔐
  • It can’t be forged, assuming the private key is kept secret. 🤫
  • It is a function of the data signed and thus can’t be claimed to be the signature for other data as well.
  • The signed data can’t be changed. If the data is changed, then the signature can’t be verified as authentic. 💀

To generate an entity’s signature for a file, the entity must first have a public/private key pair associated with it and one or more certificates that authenticate its public key. A certificate is a digitally signed statement from one entity that says that the public key of another entity has a particular value. 🎫

The jarsigner command uses key and certificate information from a keystore to generate digital signatures for JAR files. A keystore is a database of private keys and their associated X.509 certificate chains that authenticate the corresponding public keys. The keytool command is used to create and administer keystores. 🗄️

The jarsigner command uses an entity’s private key to generate a signature. The signed JAR file contains, among other things, a copy of the certificate from the keystore for the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the file. The jarsigner command can verify the digital signature of the signed JAR file using the certificate inside it (in its signature block file). 👑

The jarsigner command can generate signatures that include a time stamp that enables a systems or deployer to check whether the JAR file was signed while the signing certificate was still valid. ⏰

In addition, APIs allow applications to obtain the timestamp information.

At this time, the jarsigner command can only sign JAR files created by the jar command or zip files. JAR files are the same as zip files, except they also have a META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file. A META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file is created when the jarsigner command signs a zip file. 🗂️

The default jarsigner command behavior is to sign a JAR or zip file. Use the -verify option to verify a signed JAR file.

The jarsigner command also attempts to validate the signer’s certificate after signing or verifying. During validation, it checks the revocation status of each certificate in the signer’s certificate chain when the -revCheck option is specified. If there is a validation error or any other problem, the command generates warning messages. If you specify the -strict option, then the command treats severe warnings as errors. See Errors and Warnings. ⚠️

🎀 KEYSTORE ALIASES 🎀

All keystore entities are accessed with unique aliases.

When you use the jarsigner command to sign a JAR file, you must specify the alias for the keystore entry that contains the private key needed to generate the signature. If no output file is specified, it overwrites the original JAR file with the signed JAR file. 😳💥

Keystores are protected with a password, so the store password must be specified. You are prompted for it when you don’t specify it on the command line. Similarly, private keys are protected in a keystore with a password, so the private key’s password must be specified, and you are prompted for the password when you don’t specify it on the command line and it isn’t the same as the store password. 🔐

🌈 KEYSTORE LOCATION 🌈

The jarsigner command has a -keystore option for specifying the URL of the keystore to be used. The keystore is by default stored in a file named .keystore in the user’s home directory, as determined by the user.home system property. 🏠

Linux and macOS: user.home defaults to the user’s home directory.

The input stream from the -keystore option is passed to the KeyStore.load method. If NONE is specified as the URL, then a null stream is passed to the KeyStore.load method. NONE should be specified when the KeyStore class isn’t file based, for example, when it resides on a hardware token device. 🔑

💜 KEYSTORE IMPLEMENTATION 💜

The KeyStore class provided in the java.security package supplies a number of well-defined interfaces to access and modify the information in a keystore. You can have multiple different concrete implementations, where each implementation is for a particular type of keystore. 🧚

Currently, there are two command-line tools that use keystore implementations (keytool and jarsigner).

The default keystore implementation is PKCS12. This is a cross platform keystore based on the RSA PKCS12 Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard. This standard is primarily meant for storing or transporting a user’s private keys, certificates, and miscellaneous secrets. There is another built-in implementation, provided by Oracle. It implements the keystore as a file with a proprietary keystore type (format) named JKS. It protects each private key with its individual password, and also protects the integrity of the entire keystore with a (possibly different) password. 🗃️

Keystore implementations are provider-based, which means the application interfaces supplied by the KeyStore class are implemented in terms of a Service Provider Interface (SPI). There is a corresponding abstract KeystoreSpi class, also in the java.security package, that defines the Service Provider Interface methods that providers must implement. The term provider refers to a package or a set of packages that supply a concrete implementation of a subset of services that can be accessed by the Java Security API. To provide a keystore implementation, clients must implement a provider and supply a KeystoreSpi subclass implementation, as described in How to Implement a Provider in the Java Cryptography Architecture (https://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=en/java/javase&id=security_guide_implement_provider_jca). ✨

Applications can choose different types of keystore implementations from different providers, with the getInstance factory method in the KeyStore class. A keystore type defines the storage and data format of the keystore information and the algorithms used to protect private keys in the keystore and the integrity of the keystore itself. Keystore implementations of different types aren’t compatible. 🚫

The jarsigner commands can read file-based keystores from any location that can be specified using a URL. In addition, these commands can read non-file-based keystores such as those provided by MSCAPI on Windows and PKCS11 on all platforms. 🌍

For the jarsigner and keytool commands, you can specify a keystore type at the command line with the -storetype option.

If you don’t explicitly specify a keystore type, then the tools choose a keystore implementation based on the value of the keystore.type property specified in the security properties file. The security properties file is called java.security, and it resides in the JDK security properties directory, java.home/conf/security. 📁

Each tool gets the keystore.type value and then examines all the installed providers until it finds one that implements keystores of that type. It then uses the keystore implementation from that provider. 🔎

The KeyStore class defines a static method named getDefaultType that lets applications retrieve the value of the keystore.type property. The following line of code creates an instance of the default keystore type as specified in the keystore.type property:

KeyStore keyStore =
KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());

The default keystore type is pkcs12, which is a cross platform keystore based on the RSA PKCS12 Personal Information Exchange Syntax Standard. This is specified by the following line in the security properties file:

keystore.type=pkcs12

Case doesn’t matter in keystore type designations. For example, JKS is the same as jks. 💅

To have the tools utilize a keystore implementation other than the default, you can change that line to specify a different keystore type. For example, if you want to use the Oracle’s jks keystore implementation, then change the line to the following:

keystore.type=jks

✨ SUPPORTED ALGORITHMS ✨

Okay so by default, jarsigner picks a signing algorithm and a block file extension for you, and it decides based on the type and size of your private key. It's giving "I already chose for you bestie, don't worry" 💅

Behold, the default signature algorithms and block file extensions:

  • DSA
    • any key size → SHA256withDSA, block file extension .DSA
  • RSA
    • key size < 624 → SHA256withRSA, block file extension .RSA
    • key size <= 7680 → SHA384withRSA
    • key size > 7680 → SHA512withRSA
  • EC
    • key size < 512 → SHA384withECDSA, block file extension .EC
    • key size >= 512 → SHA512withECDSA
  • RSASSA-PSS<sup>[1]</sup>
    • key size < 624 → RSASSA-PSS (with SHA-256), block file extension .RSA
    • key size <= 7680 → RSASSA-PSS (with SHA-384)
    • key size > 7680 → RSASSA-PSS (with SHA-512)
  • EdDSA<sup>[2]</sup> → EdDSA, block file extension .EC
  • ML-DSA<sup>[2]</sup> → ML-DSA, block file extension .DSA
  1. If an RSASSA-PSS key is encoded with parameters, then jarsigner will use the same parameters in the signature. Otherwise, jarsigner will use parameters that are determined by the size of the key as specified in the table above. For example, an 3072-bit RSASSA-PSS key will use RSASSA-PSS as the signature algorithm and SHA-384 as the hash and MGF1 algorithms.
  2. Modern digital signature algorithms such as EdDSA and ML-DSA use the same name for both the key and signature algorithms. Only the signature algorithm with the same name can be used with a given key algorithm. The specific signature parameter set (for example, Ed25519 or Ed448 for EdDSA) is the same as that of the key.

If a key algorithm isn't listed in that table at all? Then the .DSA block file extension is always used. No discussion. 🫡

And yeah, all these defaults can be overridden with the -sigalg option if you're feeling spicy.

The jarsigner command uses the jdk.jar.disabledAlgorithms and jdk.security.legacyAlgorithms security properties to figure out which algorithms count as a security risk. So:

  • If the JAR file was signed with any algorithms that are disabled, it'll be treated as an unsigned JAR file. Ouch. 😭
  • If the JAR file was signed with any legacy algorithms, it'll be treated as signed but with an informational warning telling users that the legacy algorithm is getting disabled in a future update.

Want the detailed verification output? Include -J-Djava.security.debug=jar. 👀

The jdk.jar.disabledAlgorithms and jdk.security.legacyAlgorithms security properties live in the java.security file (located in the JDK's $JAVA_HOME/conf/security directory).

Note: In order to improve out of the box security, default key size and signature algorithm names are periodically updated to stronger values with each release of the JDK. If interoperability with older releases of the JDK is important, please make sure the defaults are supported by those releases, or alternatively use the -sigalg option to override the default values at your own risk. (Emphasis on at your own risk, bestie 💀)

🎀 THE SIGNED JAR FILE 🎀

When you use jarsigner to sign a JAR file, the output signed JAR file is exactly the same as the input JAR file, except it has two extra little files dropped into the META-INF directory:

  • A signature file with an .SF extension
  • A signature block file with a .DSA, .RSA, or .EC extension

The base file names for these two files come from the value of the -sigfile option. So like, if the option is -sigfile MKSIGN, the files are named MKSIGN.SF and MKSIGN.RSA. In this document, we assume the signer always uses an RSA key. (Just a lil assumption, noted ✨)

If no -sigfile option appears on the command line, then the base file name for the .SF and signature block files is the first 8 characters of the alias name specified on the command line, all converted to uppercase. So:

  • If the alias name has fewer than 8 characters, then the full alias name is used.
  • If the alias name contains any characters that aren't allowed in a signature file name, then each such character is converted to an underscore (_) character in forming the file name.
  • Valid characters include letters, digits, underscores, and hyphens.

💅 SIGNATURE FILE

A signature file (.SF file) looks pretty similar to the manifest file that's always included in a JAR file when the jarsigner command is used to sign the file. For each source file included in the JAR file, the .SF file has two lines, such as in the manifest file, that list the following:

  • File name
  • Name of the digest algorithm (SHA)
  • SHA digest value
Note: The name of the digest algorithm (SHA) and the SHA digest value are on the same line. Don't split them, bestie.

In the manifest file, the SHA digest value for each source file is the digest (hash) of the binary data in the source file. In the .SF file, the digest value for a specified source file is the hash of the two lines in the manifest file for the source file. Subtle but iconic difference. 🦋

The signature file, by default, includes a header with a hash of the whole manifest file. The header also contains a hash of the manifest header. Having that header enables verification optimization. See JAR File Verification.

🌸 SIGNATURE BLOCK FILE

The .SF file gets signed, and that signature is placed in the signature block file. This file also contains, encoded inside it, the certificate or certificate chain from the keystore that authenticates the public key corresponding to the private key used for signing. And the extension? .DSA, .RSA, or .EC, depending on the key algorithm used. See the table in Supported Algorithms. 🫶

⏰ SIGNATURE TIME STAMP

The jarsigner command, when used with the following options, generates and stores a signature time stamp when signing a JAR file:

  • -tsa url
  • -tsacert alias
  • -tsapolicyid policyid
  • -tsadigestalg algorithm

See Options for jarsigner.

🔍 JAR FILE VERIFICATION 🔍

A successful JAR file verification happens when the signatures are valid, and none of the files that were in the JAR file when the signatures were generated have changed since then. Nothing slipped through, no cap. 💯

JAR file verification involves the following steps:

  1. Verify the signature of the .SF file.

This verification ensures that the signature stored in each signature block file was generated using the private key corresponding to the public key whose certificate (or certificate chain) also appears in the signature block file. It also ensures that the signature is a valid signature of the corresponding signature (.SF) file, and thus the .SF file wasn't tampered with. 🚫✏️

  1. Verify the digest listed in each entry in the .SF file with each corresponding section in the manifest.

The .SF file by default includes a header that contains a hash of the entire manifest file. When the header is present, the verification can check to see whether or not the hash in the header matches the hash of the manifest file. If there's a match, then verification proceeds to the next step. Slay, fast path. ⭐

If there's no match, then a less optimized verification is required to ensure that the hash in each source file information section in the .SF file equals the hash of its corresponding section in the manifest file. See Signature File.

One reason the hash of the manifest file stored in the .SF file header might not equal the hash of the current manifest file is that it might contain sections for newly added files after the file was signed. For example, suppose one or more files were added to the signed JAR file (using the jar tool) that already contains a signature and a .SF file. If the JAR file is signed again by a different signer, then the manifest file is changed (sections are added to it for the new files by the jarsigner tool) and a new .SF file is created, but the original .SF file is unchanged. A verification is still considered successful if none of the files that were in the JAR file when the original signature was generated have been changed since then. This is because the hashes in the non-header sections of the .SF file equal the hashes of the corresponding sections in the manifest file. Make sense? It's giving detective work but make it cryptography. 🕵️‍♀️

  1. Read each file in the JAR file that has an entry in the .SF file. While reading, compute the file's digest and compare the result with the digest for this file in the manifest section. The digests should be the same or verification fails.

If any serious verification failures occur during the verification process, then the process is stopped and a security exception is thrown. The jarsigner command catches and displays the exception. 😭

  1. Check for disabled algorithm usage. See Supported Algorithms.
Note: You should read any addition warnings (or errors if you specified the -strict option), as well as the content of the certificate (by specifying the -verbose and -certs options) to determine if the signature can be trusted. Don't just vibe-check it and move on, fr fr.

🫶 MULTIPLE SIGNATURES FOR A JAR FILE 🫶

A JAR file can be signed by multiple people — just run the jarsigner command on the file multiple times and specify the alias for a different person each time, like this:

jarsigner myBundle.jar susan
jarsigner myBundle.jar kevin

When a JAR file is signed multiple times, there are multiple .SF and signature block files in the resulting JAR file, one pair for each signature. In the previous example, the output JAR file includes files with the following names:

SUSAN.SF
SUSAN.RSA
KEVIN.SF
KEVIN.RSA

Group project energy but everyone actually did their part. 👑✨

⭐ OPTIONS FOR JARSIGNER ⭐

The following sections describe the options for the jarsigner. But first, be aware of the following standards, bestie:

  • All option names are preceded by a hyphen sign (-).
  • The options can be provided in any order.
  • Items that are in italics or underlined (option values) represent the actual values that must be supplied.
  • The -storepass, -keypass, -sigfile, -sigalg, -digestalg, -signedjar, and TSA-related options are only relevant when signing a JAR file; they aren't relevant when verifying a signed JAR file. The -keystore option is relevant for both signing and verifying a JAR file. In addition, aliases are specified when signing and verifying a JAR file.
  • -keystore url — tells jarsigner where your keystore lives 🗺️.

Default? It's the file .keystore in your home directory, as determined by the user.home system property. Very "it's always in the last place you look" of it.

A keystore is required when signing. You have to explicitly specify one when the default keystore doesn't exist, or when you wanna use one that isn't the default. A keystore is not required when verifying — but if one is specified, or the default exists, and the -verbose option was also specified, then you get extra info output about whether or not any of the certificates used to verify the JAR file are contained in that keystore. Free lore ✨.

The -keystore argument can be a file name and path specification rather than a URL, in which case it's treated the same as a file: URL. For example, these two are literally equivalent:

  • -keystore filePathAndName
  • -keystore file:filePathAndName

Okay so if the Sun PKCS #11 provider was configured in the java.security security properties file (located in the JDK's $JAVA_HOME/conf/security directory), then the keytool and jarsigner tools can operate on the PKCS #11 token by specifying these options:

-keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11

For example, the following command lists the contents of the configured PKCS#11 token:

keytool -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 -list
  • -storepass [:env | :file] argument — the password that's required to access the keystore 🔐.

This is only needed when signing (not verifying) a JAR file. In that case, if a -storepass option isn't provided at the command line, then the user is prompted for the password. Bestie, it will simply ask you.

If the modifier env or file isn't specified, then the password has the value argument. Otherwise, the password is retrieved as follows:

  • env: retrieve the password from the environment variable named argument.
  • file: retrieve the password from the file named argument.
Note: the password shouldn't be specified on the command line or in a script unless it's for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system. Like… please. Do not put your password in a script and push it. 💀
  • -storetype storetype — specifies the type of keystore to be instantiated 🧚.

The default keystore type is the one specified as the value of the keystore.type property in the security properties file, which is returned by the static getDefaultType method in java.security.KeyStore.

The PIN for a PKCS #11 token can also be specified with the -storepass option. If none is specified, then the keytool and jarsigner commands prompt for the token PIN. If the token has a protected authentication path (such as a dedicated PIN-pad or a biometric reader), then the -protected option must be specified and no password options can be specified. Rules are rules 💅.

  • -keypass [:env | :file] argument — the password used to protect the private key of the keystore entry addressed by the alias specified on the command line 🗝️.

The password is required when using jarsigner to sign a JAR file. If no password is provided on the command line, and the required password is different from the store password, then the user is prompted for it.

If the modifier env or file isn't specified, then the password has the value argument. Otherwise, the password is retrieved as follows:

  • env: retrieve the password from the environment variable named argument.
  • file: retrieve the password from the file named argument.
Note: the password shouldn't be specified on the command line or in a script unless it's for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system. Same warning as before, still true, still important 🫶.
  • -certchain file — the certificate chain to be used when the certificate chain associated with the private key of the keystore entry addressed by the alias specified on the command line isn't complete 🎀.

This can happen when the keystore is located on a hardware token where there isn't enough capacity to hold a complete certificate chain. Tiny token, big dreams.

The file can be a sequence of concatenated X.509 certificates, or a single PKCS#7 formatted data block, either in binary encoding format or in printable encoding format (also known as Base64 encoding) as defined by Internet RFC 1421 Certificate Encoding Standard [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1421].

  • -sigfile file — the base file name to be used for the generated .SF and signature block files 📛.

For example, if file is DUKESIGN, then the generated .SF and signature block files are named DUKESIGN.SF and DUKESIGN.RSA, and placed in the META-INF directory of the signed JAR file.

The characters in the file must come from the set a-zA-Z0-9_-. Only letters, numbers, underscore, and hyphen characters are allowed. All lowercase characters are converted to uppercase for the .SF and signature block file names.

If no -sigfile option appears on the command line, then the base file name for the .SF and signature block files is the first 8 characters of the alias name specified on the command line, all converted to upper case. If the alias name has fewer than 8 characters, then the full alias name is used. And if the alias name contains any characters that aren't valid in a signature file name, then each such character is converted to an underscore (_) character to form the file name. It's giving auto-formatting, honestly.

  • -signedjar file — specifies the name of the signed JAR file 📦.
  • -digestalg algorithm — the name of the message digest algorithm to use when digesting the entries of a JAR file 🧮.

For a list of standard message digest algorithm names, see the Java Security Standard Algorithm Names Specification.

If this option isn't specified, then SHA-384 is used. There must either be a statically installed provider supplying an implementation of the specified algorithm, or the user must specify one with the -addprovider or -providerClass options; otherwise, the command will not succeed. No provider, no vibes, no output 😭.

  • -sigalg algorithm — the name of the signature algorithm to use to sign the JAR file ✍️.

This algorithm must be compatible with the private key used to sign the JAR file. If this option isn't specified, then use a default algorithm matching the private key as described in the Supported Algorithms section.

There must either be a statically installed provider supplying an implementation of the specified algorithm, or you must specify one with the -addprovider or -providerClass option; otherwise, the command doesn't succeed.

For a list of standard signature algorithm names, see the Java Security Standard Algorithm Names Specification.

  • -verify — verifies a signed JAR file ✅. That's it, that's the whole thing.
  • -verbose[:suboptions] — when this option appears on the command line, it indicates that jarsigner should use verbose mode when signing or verifying, with the suboptions determining how much information is shown 💬.

This causes jarsigner to output extra information about the progress of the JAR signing or verification. The suboptions can be all, grouped, or summary.

If the -certs option is also specified, then the default mode (or suboption all) displays each entry as it's being processed, and after that, the certificate information for each signer of the JAR file.

If -certs and the -verbose:grouped suboptions are specified, then entries with the same signer info are grouped and displayed together with their certificate information.

If -certs and the -verbose:summary suboptions are specified, then entries with the same signer information are grouped and displayed together with their certificate information. Details about each entry are summarized and displayed as one entry (and more).

See Example of Verifying a Signed JAR File and Example of Verification with Certificate Information ✨.

  • -certs — if this option appears on the command line with the -verify and -verbose options, then the output includes certificate information for each signer of the JAR file 🎓.

This information includes the name of the type of certificate (stored in the signature block file) that certifies the signer's public key, and if the certificate is an X.509 certificate (an instance of java.security.cert.X509Certificate), then the distinguished name of the signer.

The keystore is also examined. If no keystore value is specified on the command line, then the default keystore file (if any) is checked. If the public key certificate for a signer matches an entry in the keystore, then the alias name for the keystore entry for that signer is displayed in parentheses. Cute little (alias) moment 🥺.

  • -revCheck — enables revocation checking of certificates when signing or verifying a JAR file 🚫.

The jarsigner command attempts to make network connections to fetch OCSP responses and CRLs if the -revCheck option is specified on the command line.

Note that revocation checks are not enabled unless this option is specified. Off by default, no cap.
  • -tsa url — if -tsa http://example.tsa.url appears on the command line when signing a JAR file, then a time stamp is generated for the signature ⏰.

The URL, http://example.tsa.url, identifies the location of the Time Stamping Authority (TSA) and overrides any URL found with the -tsacert option. The -tsa option doesn't require the TSA public key certificate to be present in the keystore.

To generate the time stamp, jarsigner communicates with the TSA with the Time-Stamp Protocol (TSP) defined in RFC 3161. When successful, the time stamp token returned by the TSA is stored with the signature in the signature block file. Iconic behaviour 🔥.

  • -tsacert alias — when -tsacert alias appears on the command line when signing a JAR file, a time stamp is generated for the signature 🕰️.

The alias identifies the TSA public key certificate in the keystore that is in effect. The entry's certificate is examined for a Subject Information Access extension that contains a URL identifying the location of the TSA.

The TSA public key certificate must be present in the keystore when using the -tsacert option. No cert, no stamp, no exceptions 💅.

  • -tsapolicyid policyid — the object identifier (OID) that identifies the policy ID to be sent to the TSA server 🏷️.

If this option isn't specified, no policy ID is sent and the TSA server will choose a default policy ID.

Object identifiers are defined by X.696, which is an ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standard. These identifiers are typically period-separated sets of non-negative digits like 1.2.3.4, for example. Numbers with main character energy, honestly 🌈.

  • -tsadigestalg algorithm — okay so this one picks the message digest algorithm used to generate the message imprint that gets sent to the TSA server. If you don’t specify this option, SHA-384 is used, no cap. See Supported Algorithms. For a list of standard message digest algorithm names, see the Java Security Standard Algorithm Names Specification. ✨
  • -internalsf — bestie, back in the day, the signature block file generated when a JAR file was signed included a complete encoded copy of the .SF file (aka the signature file) that was also generated. That behavior has changed. To reduce the overall size of the output JAR file, the signature block file by default doesn’t contain a copy of the .SF file anymore. If -internalsf appears on the command line, then the old behavior is utilized. This option is useful for testing. In practice, don’t use the -internalsf option because it incurs higher overhead. 💅
  • -sectionsonly — if the -sectionsonly option appears on the command line, then the .SF file (signature file) generated when a JAR file is signed doesn’t include a header that contains a hash of the whole manifest file. It contains only the information and hashes related to each individual source file included in the JAR file. See Signature File. By default, this header is added, as an optimization. When the header is present, whenever the JAR file is verified, the verification can first check to see whether the hash in the header matches the hash of the whole manifest file. When there is a match, verification proceeds to the next step. When there is no match, it is necessary to do a less optimized verification that the hash in each source file information section in the .SF file equals the hash of its corresponding section in the manifest file. See JAR File Verification. The -sectionsonly option is primarily used for testing. It shouldn’t be used other than for testing because using it incurs higher overhead. testing tea only 🧪
  • -protected — values can be either true or false. Specify true when a password must be specified through a protected authentication path such as a dedicated PIN reader. 🔐
  • -providerName providerName — if more than one provider was configured in the java.security security properties file, then you can use the -providerName option to target a specific provider instance. The argument to this option is the name of the provider. For the Oracle PKCS #11 provider, providerName is of the form SunPKCS11-TokenName, where TokenName is the name suffix that the provider instance has been configured with, as detailed in the configuration attributes table. For example, the following command lists the contents of the PKCS #11 keystore provider instance with name suffix SmartCard:
jarsigner -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 -providerName
SunPKCS11-SmartCard -list
  • -addprovider name [-providerArg arg] — adds a security provider by name (such as SunPKCS11) and an optional configure argument. The value of the security provider is the name of a security provider that is defined in a module. Used with the -providerArg ConfigFilePath option, the keytool and jarsigner tools install the provider dynamically and use ConfigFilePath for the path to the token configuration file. The following example shows a command to list a PKCS #11 keystore when the Oracle PKCS #11 provider wasn’t configured in the security properties file.
jarsigner -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 -addprovider
SunPKCS11 -providerArg /mydir1/mydir2/token.config
  • -providerClass provider-class-name [-providerArg arg] — used to specify the name of cryptographic service provider’s master class file when the service provider isn’t listed in the java.security security properties file. Adds a security provider by fully-qualified class name and an optional configure argument. Note: the preferred way to load PKCS11 is by using modules. See -addprovider. 🫶
  • -providerPath classpath — used to specify the classpath for providers specified by the -providerClass option. Multiple paths should be separated by the system-dependent path-separator character. 🌈
  • -Jjavaoption — passes through the specified javaoption string directly to the Java interpreter. The jarsigner command is a wrapper around the interpreter. This option shouldn’t contain any spaces. It is useful for adjusting the execution environment or memory usage. For a list of possible interpreter options, type java -h or java -X at the command line. ⚡
  • -strict — during the signing or verifying process, the command may issue warning messages. If you specify this option, the exit code of the tool reflects the severe warning messages that this command found. See Errors and Warnings. strict mode is giving main character energy 👑
  • -conf url — specifies a pre-configured options file. Read the keytool documentation for details. The property keys supported are "jarsigner.all" for all actions, "jarsigner.sign" for signing, and "jarsigner.verify" for verification. jarsigner arguments including the JAR file name and alias name(s) cannot be set in this file. 🎀
  • -version — prints the program version. Simple. Iconic. ✨

😭 ERRORS AND WARNINGS 😭

During the signing or verifying process, the jarsigner command may issue various errors or warnings. vibe check: some of these are lil informational notes, and some are full-on big warning energy. 🚨

If there is a failure, the jarsigner command exits with code 1. If there is no failure, but there are one or more severe warnings, the jarsigner command exits with code 0 when the -strict option is not specified, or exits with the OR-value of the warning codes when the -strict is specified. If there is only informational warnings or no warning at all, the command always exits with code 0.

For example, if a certificate used to sign an entry is expired and has a KeyUsage extension that doesn’t allow it to sign a file, the jarsigner command exits with code 12 (=4+8) when the -strict option is specified.

Note: Exit codes are reused because only the values from 0 to 255 are legal on Linux and macOS.

The following sections describes the names, codes, and descriptions of the errors and warnings that the jarsigner command can issue. 📝

💀 FAILURE 💀

Reasons why the jarsigner command fails include (but aren’t limited to) a command line parsing error, the inability to find a keypair to sign the JAR file, or the verification of a signed JAR fails. oof 😭

failure

Code 1. The signing or verifying fails.

🚨 SEVERE WARNINGS 🚨

Note: Severe warnings are reported as errors if you specify the -strict option.

Reasons why the jarsigner command issues a severe warning include the certificate used to sign the JAR file has an error or the signed JAR file has other problems. not cute. 💀

hasExpiredCert

Code 4. This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate has expired.

hasExpiredTsaCert

Code 4. The timestamp has expired.

notYetValidCert

Code 4. This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate isn’t yet valid.

chainNotValidated

Code 4. This JAR contains entries whose certificate chain isn’t validated.

tsaChainNotValidated

Code 64. The timestamp is invalid.

signerSelfSigned

Code 4. This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate is self signed.

disabledAlg

Code 4. An algorithm used is considered a security risk and is disabled.

badKeyUsage

Code 8. This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate’s KeyUsage extension doesn’t allow code signing.

badExtendedKeyUsage

Code 8. This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate’s ExtendedKeyUsage extension doesn’t allow code signing.

badNetscapeCertType

Code 8. This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate’s NetscapeCertType extension doesn’t allow code signing.

hasUnsignedEntry

Code 16. This JAR contains unsigned entries which haven’t been integrity-checked.

notSignedByAlias

Code 32. This JAR contains signed entries which aren’t signed by the specified alias(es).

aliasNotInStore

Code 32. This JAR contains signed entries that aren’t signed by alias in this keystore.

tsaChainNotValidated

Code 64. This JAR contains entries whose TSA certificate chain is invalid.

🌸 INFORMATIONAL WARNINGS 🌸

Informational warnings include those that aren’t errors but regarded as bad practice. They don’t have a code. They’re like the group chat saying “bestie, maybe don’t.” 🙈

extraAttributesDetected

The POSIX file permissions and/or symlink attributes are detected during signing or verifying a JAR file. The jarsigner tool preserves these attributes in the newly signed file but warns that these attributes are unsigned and not protected by the signature.

hasExpiringCert

This JAR contains entries whose signer certificate expires within six months.

hasExpiringTsaCert

The timestamp will expire within one year on YYYY-MM-DD.

hasMultipleManifests

This JAR contained multiple manifest files. During signing, one of the files was selected, and the others were discarded.

hasNonexistentEntries

This JAR contains signed entries for files that do not exist.

internalInconsistenciesDetected

This JAR contains internal inconsistencies detected during verification that may result in different contents when reading via JarFile and JarInputStream.

legacyAlg

An algorithm used is considered a security risk but not disabled.

noTimestamp

This JAR contains signatures that doesn’t include a timestamp. Without a timestamp, users may not be able to validate this JAR file after the signer certificate’s expiration date (YYYY-MM-DD) or after any future revocation date. ⏰

🌸 EXAMPLE OF SIGNING A JAR FILE 🌸

okay bestie, let's actually do the thing 💅 Say you wanna sign bundle.jar with the private key of a user whose keystore alias is jane, in a keystore named mystore sitting in the working directory, and you want the signed JAR to be called sbundle.jar. Boom, here's your command:

jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore -storepass keystore_password
-keypass private_key_password -signedjar sbundle.jar bundle.jar
jane

So there's no -sigfile in that command 👀 which means the generated .SF and signature block files that get placed inside the signed JAR file just get default names based on the alias name. And those names are literally JANE.SF and JANE.RSA. slay, auto-naming ✨

Now, if you'd rather be prompted for the store password and the private key password (honestly, lowkey safer), you can shorten that whole thing down to:

jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore -signedjar sbundle.jar
bundle.jar jane

And if your keystore is the default keystore (.keystore in your home directory), then bestie you don't even need to specify a keystore at all:

jarsigner -signedjar sbundle.jar bundle.jar jane

Finally — if you want the signed JAR file to just overwrite the input JAR file (bundle.jar), then skip the -signedjar option entirely:

jarsigner bundle.jar jane

🦋 EXAMPLE OF VERIFYING A SIGNED JAR FILE 🦋

Wanna verify a signed JAR file, make sure the signature is valid, and confirm the JAR file hasn't been tampered with? Use a command like this, queen 👑

jarsigner -verify ButtonDemo.jar

When verification is successful, jar verified is displayed. 💖 Otherwise? An error message is displayed 😭. You can get more information when you use the -verbose option. Here's a sample use of jarsigner with the -verbose option:

jarsigner -verify -verbose ButtonDemo.jar

s       866 Tue Sep 12 20:08:48 EDT 2017 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
        825 Tue Sep 12 20:08:48 EDT 2017 META-INF/ORACLE_C.SF
       7475 Tue Sep 12 20:08:48 EDT 2017 META-INF/ORACLE_C.RSA
          0 Tue Sep 12 20:07:54 EDT 2017 META-INF/
          0 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/
          0 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/
sm      523 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/ButtonDemo$1.class
sm     3440 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/ButtonDemo.class
sm     2346 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/ButtonDemo.jnlp
sm      172 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/left.gif
sm      235 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/middle.gif
sm      172 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/right.gif

  s = signature was verified
  m = entry is listed in manifest
  k = at least one certificate was found in keystore

- Signed by "CN="Oracle America, Inc.", OU=Software Engineering, O="Oracle America, Inc.", L=Redwood City, ST=California, C=US"
    Digest algorithm: SHA-256
    Signature algorithm: SHA256withRSA, 2048-bit key
  Timestamped by "CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer - G4, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US" on Tue Sep 12 20:08:49 UTC 2017
    Timestamp digest algorithm: SHA-1
    Timestamp signature algorithm: SHA1withRSA, 2048-bit key

jar verified.

The signer certificate expired on 2018-02-01. However, the JAR will be valid until the timestamp expires on 2020-12-29.

jar verified. those two words are the whole mood honestly 😭✨

💜 EXAMPLE OF VERIFICATION WITH CERTIFICATE INFORMATION 💜

If you specify the -certs option together with the -verify and -verbose options, then the output includes certificate information for each signer of the JAR file. 📜 That info includes the certificate type, the signer distinguished name information (when it's an X.509 certificate), and — in parentheses — the keystore alias for the signer when the public key certificate in the JAR file matches the one in a keystore entry. For example:

jarsigner -keystore $JAVA_HOME/lib/security/cacerts -verify -verbose -certs ButtonDemo.jar

s k     866 Tue Sep 12 20:08:48 EDT 2017 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF

      >>> Signer
      X.509, CN="Oracle America, Inc.", OU=Software Engineering, O="Oracle America, Inc.", L=Redwood City, ST=California, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2017-01-30, 7:00 PM to 2018-02-01, 6:59 PM]
      X.509, CN=Symantec Class 3 SHA256 Code Signing CA, OU=Symantec Trust Network, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2013-12-09, 7:00 PM to 2023-12-09, 6:59 PM]
      X.509, CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5, OU="(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only", OU=VeriSign Trust Network, O="VeriSign, Inc.", C=US (verisignclass3g5ca [jdk])
      [trusted certificate]
      >>> TSA
      X.509, CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer - G4, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2012-10-17, 8:00 PM to 2020-12-29, 6:59 PM]
      X.509, CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services CA - G2, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2012-12-20, 7:00 PM to 2020-12-30, 6:59 PM]

        825 Tue Sep 12 20:08:48 EDT 2017 META-INF/ORACLE_C.SF
       7475 Tue Sep 12 20:08:48 EDT 2017 META-INF/ORACLE_C.RSA
          0 Tue Sep 12 20:07:54 EDT 2017 META-INF/
          0 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/
          0 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/
smk     523 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/ButtonDemo$1.class

      [entry was signed on 2017-09-12, 4:08 PM]
      >>> Signer
      X.509, CN="Oracle America, Inc.", OU=Software Engineering, O="Oracle America, Inc.", L=Redwood City, ST=California, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2017-01-30, 7:00 PM to 2018-02-01, 6:59 PM]
      X.509, CN=Symantec Class 3 SHA256 Code Signing CA, OU=Symantec Trust Network, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2013-12-09, 7:00 PM to 2023-12-09, 6:59 PM]
      X.509, CN=VeriSign Class 3 Public Primary Certification Authority - G5, OU="(c) 2006 VeriSign, Inc. - For authorized use only", OU=VeriSign Trust Network, O="VeriSign, Inc.", C=US (verisignclass3g5ca [jdk])
      [trusted certificate]
      >>> TSA
      X.509, CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer - G4, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2012-10-17, 8:00 PM to 2020-12-29, 6:59 PM]
      X.509, CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services CA - G2, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US
      [certificate is valid from 2012-12-20, 7:00 PM to 2020-12-30, 6:59 PM]

smk    3440 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/ButtonDemo.class
...
smk    2346 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/ButtonDemo.jnlp
...
smk     172 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/left.gif
...
smk     235 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/middle.gif
...
smk     172 Tue Sep 12 20:07:16 EDT 2017 components/images/right.gif
...

  s = signature was verified
  m = entry is listed in manifest
  k = at least one certificate was found in keystore

- Signed by "CN="Oracle America, Inc.", OU=Software Engineering, O="Oracle America, Inc.", L=Redwood City, ST=California, C=US"
    Digest algorithm: SHA-256
    Signature algorithm: SHA256withRSA, 2048-bit key
  Timestamped by "CN=Symantec Time Stamping Services Signer - G4, O=Symantec Corporation, C=US" on Tue Sep 12 20:08:49 UTC 2017
    Timestamp digest algorithm: SHA-1
    Timestamp signature algorithm: SHA1withRSA, 2048-bit key

jar verified.

The signer certificate expired on 2018-02-01. However, the JAR will be valid until the timestamp expires on 2020-12-29.

And one last lil heads up 🫶 — if the certificate for a signer isn't an X.509 certificate, then there's no distinguished name information. In that case, just the certificate type and the alias are shown. So like, if the certificate is a PGP certificate and the alias is bob, then you'd get: PGP, (bob).

✨ that's the whole page, bestie ✨ you made it to the end, iconic behavior honestly 👑 this was JARSIGNER(1) from JDK 27.0.1.0.3, dated 2026 — go forth and sign responsibly, mwah 💋🎀

📦 where this page comes from